
@article{Barker.etal.2003,
  title = {Effects of Animal-Assisted Therapy on Patients' Anxiety, Fear, and Depression before {{ECT}}},
  author = {Barker, Sandra B. and Pandurangi, Anand K. and Best, Al M.},
  year = {2003},
  month = mar,
  volume = {19},
  pages = {38},
  issn = {1095-0680},
  abstract = {Objective~To determine whether animal-assisted therapy (AAT) is associated with reductions in fear, anxiety, and depression in psychiatric patients before electroconvulsive therapy (ECT).
        Materials and Methods~Before their scheduled ECT treatment, 35 patients were assigned on alternate days to the treatment condition, consisting of a 15-minute AAT session, and the standard (comparison) condition, consisting of 15 minutes with magazines. Visual analogue scales were used to measure anxiety, fear, and depression before and after treatment and standard conditions.
        Results~The effect of AAT on fear was significant in both the mixed-model, repeated-measures analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) (p = 0.0006) and the secondary analysis (p = 0.0050), which covaried out all of the demographic conditions (gender, race, marital status, pet ownership, age), condition order, and the pretest rating. The effect of AAT on anxiety approached significance in the ANCOVA (p = 0.0982), but in the secondary analysis, the effect was not significant (p = 0.6498). The AAT effect on depression was not significant in ANCOVA (p = 0.7665) or in the secondary analysis (p = 0.9394). A least squares mean analysis showed that AAT reduced fear by 37\% and anxiety by 18\%. There was no demonstrated effect of AAT on depression.
        Conclusions~Animal-assisted therapy may have a useful role in psychiatric and medical therapies in which the therapeutic procedure is inherently fear-inducing or has a negative societal perception.},
  journal = {The Journal of ECT},
  language = {en-US},
  number = {1}
}

@article{Barker.etal.2010,
  title = {Exploratory Study of Stress-Buffering Response Patterns from Interaction with a Therapy Dog},
  author = {Barker, Sandra B. and Knisely, Janet S. and McCain, Nancy L. and Schubert, Christine M. and Pandurangi, Anand K.},
  year = {2010},
  month = mar,
  volume = {23},
  pages = {79--91},
  issn = {0892-7936},
  doi = {10.2752/175303710X12627079939341},
  abstract = {This exploratory study builds on existing research on the physiological stress response to human\textendash animal interactions in a non-clinical sample of adult dog-owners interacting with their own or an unfamiliar therapy dog under similar conditions. Participants were therapy-dog owners (TDO group; n = 5) interacting with their own dogs and dog owners interacting with an unfamiliar therapy dog (AAA group; n = 5). Following a 30minute baseline period, participants completed a stress task followed by a 30-minute dog interaction and then watched a neutral video for 60 minutes. The outcome variable of interest was the bio-behavioral stress response, measured by systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP, DBP), heart rate (HR), salivary cortisol, salivary alpha-amylase, and self-report. Trait anxiety and attitudes toward pets were assessed as moderating variables. Results revealed consistent physiological patterns, showing modest increases with the stressor and decreases from baseline following the intervention, for salivary cortisol, SBP, DBP, HR, and self reported anxiety and stress for both groups. In general, although the TDO group tended to perceive less stress and anxiety during the intervention than the AAA group, greater reductions in physiological measures were observed in the AAA group. Positive attitudes toward pets in the total sample of dog owners were associated with decreased levels of self-reported stress (p {$<$} 0.05), salivary cortisol, and SBP, while higher levels of trait anxiety were associated with higher levels of salivary cortisol (p {$<$} 0.05). In addition, higher levels of trait anxiety were associated with lower levels of autonomic nervous system indicators of stress (HR; SBP, p {$<$} 0.05; DBP, p {$<$} 0.05). Results support a buffering effect on the stress response associated with owners interacting with their dogs that may extend to interactions with unfamiliar therapy dogs in AAA, and supports the need for replication studies with larger sample sizes.},
  journal = {Anthrozo\"os},
  keywords = {animal-assisted therapy,cognition,hai,human-animal interaction,stress,stroop,therapy dogs},
  number = {1}
}

@article{Barker.etal.2016,
  title = {A Randomized Cross-over Exploratory Study of the Effect of Visiting Therapy Dogs on College Student Stress before Final Exams},
  author = {Barker, Sandra B. and Barker, Randolph T. and McCain, Nancy L. and Schubert, Christine M.},
  year = {2016},
  month = jan,
  volume = {29},
  pages = {35--46},
  issn = {0892-7936},
  doi = {10.1080/08927936.2015.1069988},
  abstract = {This exploratory study investigated the effect of visiting therapy dogs on college-student perceived and physiological stress the week prior to final exams. Students (n = 78) were randomly assigned to order of a therapydog intervention and attention-control condition, each 15 minutes long. Students completed the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), a stress visual analog scale (SVAS), and provided saliva for measuring nerve growth factor (sNGF) and alpha amylase (sAA), prior to randomization. Saliva samples and SVAS were again collected after each condition. There was no effect of group order on demographics, PSS, or initial SVAS. Repeated measures models were used to analyze the complete data sets of 57 students. There were no significant differences in sAA between or within students completing the intervention and control conditions. sNGF was not subjected to analysis as most levels were undetectable. Significant differences in SVAS scores were found between the intervention and control condition, with large effect sizes. SVAS scores were lower following the intervention, regardless of condition order (intervention first, p = 0.0001, d = 1.87; intervention second, p = 0.0004, d = 1.63). No SVAS differences were found for the control condition. Based on these findings, campus events with visiting therapy dogs represent a costeffective, easily accessible activity to reduce perceived, but not physiological, stress for college students prior to final exams.},
  journal = {Anthrozo\"os},
  keywords = {animal-assisted activities,exam stress,human–animal interaction,therapy dogs},
  number = {1}
}

@article{Barker.Wolen.2008,
  title = {The Benefits of Human-Companion Animal Interaction: {{A}} Review},
  shorttitle = {The {{Benefits}} of {{Human}}\textendash{{Companion Animal Interaction}}},
  author = {Barker, Sandra B. and Wolen, Aaron R.},
  year = {2008},
  volume = {35},
  pages = {487--495},
  doi = {10.3138/jvme.35.4.487},
  abstract = {This article provides a review of research published since 1980 on the benefits of human\textendash companion animal interaction. Studies focusing on the benefits of pet ownership are presented first, followed by research on the benefits of interacting with companion animals that are not owned by the subject (animal-assisted activities). While most of the published studies are descriptive and have been conducted with convenience samples, a promising number of controlled studies support the health benefits of interacting with companion animals. Future research employing more rigorous designs and systematically building upon a clearly defined line of inquiry is needed to advance our knowledge of the benefits of human\textendash companion animal interaction.},
  file = {/home/jstevens/zotero-library/Barker et al/barker_et_al_2008_the_benefits_of_human–companion_animal_interaction_-_a_review2.pdf},
  journal = {Journal of Veterinary Medical Education},
  language = {en},
  number = {4}
}

@article{Beetz.2017,
  title = {Theories and Possible Processes of Action in Animal Assisted Interventions},
  author = {Beetz, Andrea M.},
  year = {2017},
  month = apr,
  volume = {21},
  pages = {139--149},
  issn = {1088-8691},
  doi = {10.1080/10888691.2016.1262263},
  abstract = {Different positive effects of interactions with animals, such as reduction of stress reactions, depressive mood, anxiety, aggression, and pain, and promotion of trust, calmness, motivation, and concentration have been documented by research on human\textendash animal interaction (HAI), including animal assisted interventions (AAIs). Potential biological, psychological, and social processes may underpin these effects. Theories of why this may occur include biophilia, anthropomorphism, a focus on the experiential system instead of the verbal-symbolic system, motivation, activation of the oxytocin system, attachment and caregiving including provision of social support for stress buffering, and distraction processes. Understanding how animals may positively affect educational and therapeutic settings, in particular for individuals with psychical and psychosocial challenges, and finding what special indications for AAI exist, and which preconditions of learning in the client or the setting could potentially be enhanced, might provide not only a better rationale for AAIs but also promote their efficacy.},
  journal = {Applied Developmental Science},
  number = {2}
}

@article{Beetz.etal.2012,
  title = {Psychosocial and Psychophysiological Effects of Human-Animal Interactions: {{The}} Possible Role of Oxytocin},
  shorttitle = {Psychosocial and {{Psychophysiological Effects}} of {{Human}}-{{Animal Interactions}}},
  author = {Beetz, Andrea and {Uvn{\"a}s-Moberg}, Kerstin and Julius, Henri and Kotrschal, Kurt},
  year = {2012},
  volume = {3},
  pages = {234},
  issn = {1664-1078},
  doi = {10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00234},
  abstract = {During the last decade it has become more widely accepted that pet-ownership and animal-assistance in therapy and education may have a multitude of positive effects on humans. Here, we review the evidence from 67 original studies on human-animal interactions (HAI) which met our inclusion criteria with regard to sample size, peer-review and standard scientific research design. Among the well-documented effects of HAI in humans of different ages, with and without special medical or mental health conditions are benefits for: social attention, social behavior, interpersonal interactions and mood; stress-related parameters such as cortisol, heart rate, and blood pressure; self-reported fear and anxiety; and mental and physical health, especially cardiovascular diseases. Limited evidence exists for positive effects of HAI on: reduction of stress-related parameters such as epinephrine and norepinephrine; improvement of immune system functioning and pain management; increased trustworthiness of and trust towards other persons; reduced aggression; enhanced empathy and improved learning. We propose that the activation of the oxytocin system plays a key role in the majority of these reported psychological and psychophysiological effects of HAI. Oxytocin and HAI effects largely overlap, as documented by research in both, humans and animals, and first studies found that HAI affects the oxytocin system. As a common underlying mechanism, the activation of the oxytocin system does not only provide an explanation, but also allows an integrative view of the different effects of HAI.},
  journal = {Frontiers in Psychology},
  keywords = {animal assisted intervention,Animal Assisted Therapy,human animal interaction,human animal relationship,Oxytocin,pet ownership,stress reduction},
  language = {English}
}

@article{Berman.etal.2008,
  title = {The Cognitive Benefits of Interacting with Nature},
  author = {Berman, Marc G. and Jonides, John and Kaplan, Stephen},
  year = {2008},
  month = dec,
  volume = {19},
  pages = {1207--1212},
  issn = {0956-7976, 1467-9280},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02225.x},
  abstract = {We compare the restorative effects on cognitive functioning of interactions with natural versus urban environments. Attention restoration theory (ART) provides an analysis of the kinds of environments that lead to improvements in directed-attention abilities. Nature, which is filled with intriguing stimuli, modestly grabs attention in a bottom-up fashion, allowing top-down directed-attention abilities a chance to replenish. Unlike natural environments, urban environments are filled with stimulation that captures attention dramatically and additionally requires directed attention (e.g., to avoid being hit by a car), making them less restorative. We present two experiments that show that walking in nature or viewing pictures of nature can improve directed-attention abilities as measured with a backwards digit-span task and the Attention Network Task, thus validating attention restoration theory.},
  file = {/home/jstevens/zotero-system/storage/JDPBMT4L/Berman et al_2008_PsychSci_InteractWithNature_Stimuli.zip;/home/jstevens/zotero-system/storage/83H7W8RF/1207.html},
  journal = {Psychological Science},
  keywords = {ANT,ART,attention networking,attention networking task,attention restoration theory,cognition,directed attention,executive function,nature},
  language = {en},
  number = {12}
}

@article{Berry.etal.2014,
  title = {The Nature of Impulsivity: {{Visual}} Exposure to Natural Environments Decreases Impulsive Decision-Making in a Delay Discounting Task},
  shorttitle = {The {{Nature}} of {{Impulsivity}}},
  author = {Berry, Meredith S. and Sweeney, Mary M. and Morath, Justice and Odum, Amy L. and Jordan, Kerry E.},
  year = {2014},
  month = may,
  volume = {9},
  pages = {e97915},
  doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0097915},
  abstract = {The benefits of visual exposure to natural environments for human well-being in areas of stress reduction, mood improvement, and attention restoration are well documented, but the effects of natural environments on impulsive decision-making remain unknown. Impulsive decision-making in delay discounting offers generality, predictive validity, and insight into decision-making related to unhealthy behaviors. The present experiment evaluated differences in such decision-making in humans experiencing visual exposure to one of the following conditions: natural (e.g., mountains), built (e.g., buildings), or control (e.g., triangles) using a delay discounting task that required participants to choose between immediate and delayed hypothetical monetary outcomes. Participants viewed the images before and during the delay discounting task. Participants were less impulsive in the condition providing visual exposure to natural scenes compared to built and geometric scenes. Results suggest that exposure to natural environments results in decreased impulsive decision-making relative to built environments.},
  journal = {PLoS ONE},
  keywords = {art,Attention,Behavior,Built environment,Decision making,Eye movements,Financial management,Impulsivity,Personality traits,srt},
  number = {5}
}

@article{Bratman.etal.2012,
  title = {The Impacts of Nature Experience on Human Cognitive Function and Mental Health},
  author = {Bratman, Gregory N. and Hamilton, J. Paul and Daily, Gretchen C.},
  year = {2012},
  volume = {1249},
  pages = {118--136},
  issn = {1749-6632},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06400.x},
  abstract = {Scholars spanning a variety of disciplines have studied the ways in which contact with natural environments may impact human well-being. We review the effects of such nature experience on human cognitive function and mental health, synthesizing work from environmental psychology, urban planning, the medical literature, and landscape aesthetics. We provide an overview of the prevailing explanatory theories of these effects, the ways in which exposure to nature has been considered, and the role that individuals' preferences for nature may play in the impact of the environment on psychological functioning. Drawing from the highly productive but disparate programs of research in this area, we conclude by proposing a system of categorization for different types of nature experience. We also outline key questions for future work, including further inquiry into which elements of the natural environment may have impacts on cognitive function and mental health; what the most effective type, duration, and frequency of contact may be; and what the possible neural mechanisms are that could be responsible for the documented effects.},
  copyright = {\textcopyright{} 2012 New York Academy of Sciences},
  file = {/home/jstevens/zotero-system/storage/DXT927E4/abstract.html},
  journal = {Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences},
  keywords = {cognitive function,ecosystem services,mental health,nature experiences,Psychology},
  language = {en},
  number = {1}
}

@article{Bratman.etal.2015,
  title = {The Benefits of Nature Experience: {{Improved}} Affect and Cognition},
  shorttitle = {The Benefits of Nature Experience},
  author = {Bratman, Gregory N. and Daily, Gretchen C. and Levy, Benjamin J. and Gross, James J.},
  year = {2015},
  month = jun,
  volume = {138},
  pages = {41--50},
  issn = {0169-2046},
  doi = {10.1016/j.landurbplan.2015.02.005},
  abstract = {This study investigated the impact of nature experience on affect and cognition. We randomly assigned sixty participants to a 50-min walk in either a natural or an urban environment in and around Stanford, California. Before and after their walk, participants completed a series of psychological assessments of affective and cognitive functioning. Compared to the urban walk, the nature walk resulted in affective benefits (decreased anxiety, rumination, and negative affect, and preservation of positive affect) as well as cognitive benefits (increased working memory performance). This study extends previous research by demonstrating additional benefits of nature experience on affect and cognition through assessments of anxiety, rumination, and a complex measure of working memory (operation span task). These findings further our understanding of the influence of relatively brief nature experiences on affect and cognition, and help to lay the foundation for future research on the mechanisms underlying these effects.},
  journal = {Landscape and Urban Planning},
  keywords = {Emotion regulation,Nature,Negative affect repair,Psychological ecosystem services,Rumination}
}

@article{Brelsford.etal.2017,
  title = {Animal-Assisted Interventions in the Classroom---{{A}} Systematic Review},
  author = {Brelsford, Victoria L. and Meints, Kerstin and Gee, Nancy R. and Pfeffer, Karen},
  year = {2017},
  month = jun,
  volume = {14},
  pages = {669},
  doi = {10.3390/ijerph14070669},
  abstract = {The inclusion of animals in educational practice is becoming increasingly popular, but it is unclear how solid the evidence for this type of intervention is. The aim of this systematic review is to scrutinise the empirical research literature relating to animal-assisted interventions conducted in educational settings. The review included 25 papers; 21 from peer-reviewed journals and 4 obtained using grey literature databases. Most studies reported significant benefits of animal-assisted interventions in the school setting. Despite this, studies vary greatly in methods and design, in intervention types, measures, and sample sizes, and in the length of time exposed to an animal. Furthermore, a worrying lack of reference to risk assessment and animal welfare must be highlighted. Taken together, the results of this review show promising findings and emerging evidence suggestive of potential benefits related to animals in school settings. The review also indicates the need for a larger and more robust evidence base driven by thorough and strict protocols. The review further emphasises the need for safeguarding for all involved\textemdash welfare and safety are paramount.},
  copyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/},
  journal = {International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health},
  keywords = {animal-assisted intervention,children,classroom,dog,learning,school},
  language = {en},
  number = {7}
}

@article{Cella.Perry.1986,
  title = {Reliability and Concurrent Validity of Three Visual-Analogue Mood Scales},
  author = {Cella, David F. and Perry, Samuel W.},
  year = {1986},
  month = oct,
  volume = {59},
  pages = {827--833},
  issn = {0033-2941},
  doi = {10.2466/pr0.1986.59.2.827},
  abstract = {The authors describe three 100-mm visual-analogue scales to measure anxiety, depression, and distress. Test-retest reliability coefficients, correlations within analogue scales, and correlations between analogue scales and standardized measures of anxiety, depression, and distress provided preliminary evidence to support the use of visual-analogue scales when other standard measures are infeasible. Sensitivity to diurnal fluctuation in reported feelings was also documented.},
  journal = {Psychological Reports},
  language = {en},
  number = {2}
}

@article{Cimprich.1993,
  title = {Development of an Intervention to Restore Attention in Cancer Patients},
  author = {Cimprich, Bernadine},
  year = {1993},
  month = apr,
  volume = {16},
  pages = {83--92},
  issn = {0162-220X},
  abstract = {Developing interventions to maintain or restore attentional capacity during demanding phases of illness will help promote effective functioning in people with cancer. This study tested the effects of an experimental intervention aimed at maintaining or restoring attentional capacity in 32 women during the 3 months after surgery for localized (Stage I or II) breast cancer. The intervention was designed to minimize or prevent attentional fatigue through regular participation in activities that engage fascination and have other restorative properties. Attentional capacity was assessed using objective and subjective measures at four time points, {$\sim$}3, 18, 60, and 90 days after breast cancer surgery. After the first observation, subjects were randomly assigned to receive the intervention (n = 16) or not to receive intervention (n = 16). Repeated measures ANOVA showed a significant interaction of experimental intervention and time on attentional capacity. Specifically, subjects in the intervention group showed significant improvement in attentional capacity over the four time points, while the nonintervention group showed a pattern of inconsistent performance over time. Findings suggest that nurses can intervene to maintain or restore attentional capacity in women after surgery for localized breast cancer. The theoretical basis for further development of attention-restoring interventions in patients with cancer is discussed.},
  journal = {Cancer Nursing},
  language = {en-US},
  number = {2}
}

@article{Cohen.etal.1994,
  title = {Activation of the Prefrontal Cortex in a Nonspatial Working Memory Task with Functional {{MRI}}},
  author = {Cohen, Jonathan D. and Forman, Steven D. and Braver, Todd S. and Casey, B. J. and Servan-Schreiber, David and Noll, Douglas C.},
  year = {1994},
  volume = {1},
  pages = {293--304},
  issn = {1097-0193},
  doi = {10.1002/hbm.460010407},
  abstract = {Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to examine the pattern of activity of the prefrontal cortex during performance of subjects in a nonspatial working memory task. Subjects observed sequences of letters and responded whenever a letter repeated with exactly one nonidentical letter intervening. In a comparison task, subjects monitored similar sequences of letters for any occurrence of a single, prespecified target letter. Functional scanning was performed using a newly developed spiral scan image acquisition technique that provides high-resolution, multislice scanning at approximately five times the rate usually possible on conventional equipment (an average of one image per second). Using these methods, activation of the middle and inferior frontal gyri was reliably observed within individual subjects during performance of the working memory task relative to the comparison task. Effect sizes (2\textendash 4\%) closely approximated those that have been observed within primary sensory and motor cortices using similar fMRI techniques. Furthermore, activation increased and decreased with a time course that was highly consistent with the task manipulations. These findings corroborate the results of positron emission tomography studies, which suggest that the prefrontal cortex is engaged by tasks that rely on working memory. Furthermore, they demonstrate the applicability of newly developed fMRI techniques using conventional scanners to study the associative cortex in individual subjects. \textcopyright{} 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
  copyright = {Copyright \textcopyright{} 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
  journal = {Human Brain Mapping},
  keywords = {cognitive neuroscience,CPT,magnetic resonance imaging,neuroimaging,spiral scanning,topography},
  language = {en},
  number = {4}
}

@article{Cox.etal.2017,
  title = {Doses of Nearby Nature Simultaneously Associated with Multiple Health Benefits},
  author = {Cox, Daniel T. C. and Shanahan, Danielle F. and Hudson, Hannah L. and Fuller, Richard A. and Anderson, Karen and Hancock, Steven and Gaston, Kevin J.},
  year = {2017},
  month = feb,
  volume = {14},
  pages = {172},
  publisher = {{Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute}},
  doi = {10.3390/ijerph14020172},
  abstract = {Exposure to nature provides a wide range of health benefits. A significant proportion of these are delivered close to home, because this offers an immediate and easily accessible opportunity for people to experience nature. However, there is limited information to guide recommendations on its management and appropriate use. We apply a nature dose-response framework to quantify the simultaneous association between exposure to nearby nature and multiple health benefits. We surveyed ca. 1000 respondents in Southern England, UK, to determine relationships between (a) nature dose type, that is the frequency and duration (time spent in private green space) and intensity (quantity of neighbourhood vegetation cover) of nature exposure and (b) health outcomes, including mental, physical and social health, physical behaviour and nature orientation. We then modelled dose-response relationships between dose type and self-reported depression. We demonstrate positive relationships between nature dose and mental and social health, increased physical activity and nature orientation. Dose-response analysis showed that lower levels of depression were associated with minimum thresholds of weekly nature dose. Nearby nature is associated with quantifiable health benefits, with potential for lowering the human and financial costs of ill health. Dose-response analysis has the potential to guide minimum and optimum recommendations on the management and use of nearby nature for preventative healthcare.},
  copyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/},
  file = {/home/jstevens/zotero-library/Cox et al/cox_et_al_2017_doses_of_nearby_nature_simultaneously_associated_with_multiple_health_benefits.pdf},
  journal = {International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health},
  keywords = {depression,dose-response,exposure to nature,extinction of experience,nature dose,nature relatedness,physical behaviour,risk factors,self-assessment of health,social cohesion},
  language = {en},
  number = {2}
}

@article{Crossman.2017,
  title = {Effects of Interactions with Animals on Human Psychological Distress},
  author = {Crossman, Molly K.},
  year = {2017},
  volume = {73},
  pages = {761--784},
  issn = {1097-4679},
  doi = {10.1002/jclp.22410},
  abstract = {Context Human\textendash animal interaction (HAI) is widely used as a method of reducing psychological distress. However, research findings in support of HAI have not kept pace with the widespread prevalence in practice. Objective I review and synthesize the quantitative evidence for the influence of HAI on psychological distress and outline future directions for research. Results The evidence suggests that HAI has a small-to-medium effect on distress but does not clarify whether animals account for the treatment effects. Research also has not determined whether positive effects observed in circumscribed HAI programs extend to companion animal ownership. Conclusion HAI research needs to address methodological limitations and expand the focus beyond treatment outcome studies. By increasing our understanding of the processes through which HAI reduces distress, the circumstances under which it is most effective at doing so, and the influence HAI has on the animals, we can enhance the impact of HAI.},
  copyright = {\textcopyright{} 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.},
  journal = {Journal of Clinical Psychology},
  keywords = {animal-assisted therapy,anxiety,human-animal interaction,intervention,mood,psychological distress},
  language = {en},
  number = {7}
}

@article{Crossman.etal.2015,
  title = {Brief Unstructured Interaction with a Dog Reduces Distress},
  author = {Crossman, Molly K. and Kazdin, Alan E. and Knudson, Krista},
  year = {2015},
  month = dec,
  volume = {28},
  pages = {649--659},
  issn = {0892-7936},
  doi = {10.1080/08927936.2015.1070008},
  abstract = {In 2013, 11\% of the US population experienced serious psychological distress. This problem of psychological distress is exacerbated in colleges and universities, where more than half of students report experiencing moderate to severe depression. In spite of the prevalence of this psychological distress, the vast majority of these students do not receive treatment. To address the problem of psychological distress among students, many universities have instituted animal visitation programs (AVPs). These popular programs provide opportunities for participants to interact with animals (usually dogs), with the goal of alleviating distress. However, empirical evidence for the effectiveness of these programs is lacking. We therefore conducted a randomized controlled trial to evaluate the influence of a single, brief interaction with a dog on the subjective experience of anxiety and mood in a sample of students and medical residents (n=67). We compared the impact of interactions with a dog to the effects of viewing (but not interacting with) the same dog, and the effects of a no-treatment control. We found that interacting with a dog reduced anxiety and negative mood, and increased positive mood relative to the control conditions. These effects were large, providing direct support for the model of AVPs already in widespread use in colleges and universities, as well as primary schools, hospitals, dentist's offices, courthouses, nursing homes, airports, and Veteran's Affairs facilities. In addition, our findings suggest that future research on AVPs is needed to elucidate when and how these are most potent. The results of that research may be used to maximize the benefits of these programs, which are already so widespread.},
  journal = {Anthrozo\"os},
  keywords = {animal,anxiety,distress,dog,mood},
  number = {4}
}

@article{Crossman.etal.2020,
  title = {The Influence of Interactions with Dogs on Affect, Anxiety, and Arousal in Children},
  author = {Crossman, Molly K. and Kazdin, Alan E. and Matijczak, Angela and Kitt, Elizabeth R. and Santos, Laurie R.},
  year = {2020},
  month = jul,
  volume = {49},
  pages = {535--548},
  publisher = {{Routledge}},
  issn = {1537-4416},
  doi = {10.1080/15374416.2018.1520119},
  abstract = {Interactions with animals represent a promising way to reduce the burden of childhood mental illness on a large scale. However, the specific effects of child\textendash animal interactions are not yet well-established. This study provides a carefully controlled demonstration that unstructured interactions with dogs can improve clinically relevant symptoms in children. Seventy-eight children (55.1\% female, 44.9\% male) ages 10 to 13 (M = 12.01, SD = 1.13) completed the Trier Social Stress Test for Children, followed by (a) interaction with a dog, (b) a tactile-stimulation control condition, or (c) a waiting control condition. The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule for Children, Short Form and the State/Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children were completed at baseline and posttest, and salivary cortisol was assessed at 5 time points. Adjusting for baseline scores, participants in the experimental condition showed higher scores on the Positive Affect scale than participants in both control conditions and lower scores on the State/Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children than participants in the waiting control condition at posttest. Negative affect was not assessed reliably, and we detected no effect of the interactions on salivary cortisol, as measured by area under the curve with respect to ground. Brief, unstructured interactions with dogs boosted children's positive emotions and reduced anxiety. Additional research is needed to further clarify which features of the interactions produce these benefits and the extent to which interactions with animals offer benefits that exceed the effects of other common coping strategies, activities, and interventions.},
  file = {/home/jstevens/zotero-library/Crossman et al/crossman_et_al_2020_the_influence_of_interactions_with_dogs_on_affect,_anxiety,_and_arousal_in.pdf},
  journal = {Journal of Clinical Child \& Adolescent Psychology},
  number = {4},
  pmid = {30376648}
}

@article{Crossman.Kazdin.2018,
  title = {Perceptions of Animal-Assisted Interventions: {{The}} Influence of Attitudes toward Companion Animals},
  shorttitle = {Perceptions of Animal-Assisted Interventions},
  author = {Crossman, Molly K. and Kazdin, Alan E.},
  year = {2018},
  volume = {74},
  pages = {566--578},
  issn = {1097-4679},
  doi = {10.1002/jclp.22548},
  abstract = {Objective We tested whether people are prone toward positive perceptions of Animal-Assisted Interventions (AAIs). We additionally evaluated whether this effect is stronger for people who have positive attitudes toward companion animals. Method We presented 210 participants with fictitious news reports, each describing a study of an AAI or a control intervention. Participants rated the news reports on their credibility, acceptability, and general appeal and completed a measure of attitudes toward companion animals. Results Individuals with positive attitudes toward companion animals evaluated AAIs as more credible, acceptable, and positive than did individuals with negative attitudes toward companion animals. There was no difference in how people with positive and negative attitudes toward companion animals evaluated control treatments. Conclusion We found that individuals with positive attitudes toward companion animals perceived AAIs as more credible, acceptable, and positive, relative to individuals with more negative attitudes toward companion animals.},
  copyright = {\textcopyright{} 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.},
  file = {/home/jstevens/zotero-library/Crossman et al/crossman_et_al_2018_perceptions_of_animal-assisted_interventions_-_the_influence_of_attitudes_toward.pdf},
  journal = {Journal of Clinical Psychology},
  keywords = {animal-assisted intervention,attitudes,expectancy,human–animal interaction,treatment acceptability},
  language = {en},
  number = {4}
}

@article{Ein.etal.2018,
  title = {The Effect of Pet Therapy on the Physiological and Subjective Stress Response: {{A}} Meta-Analysis},
  shorttitle = {The Effect of Pet Therapy on the Physiological and Subjective Stress Response},
  author = {Ein, Natalie and Li, Lingqian and Vickers, Kristin},
  year = {2018},
  volume = {34},
  pages = {477--489},
  issn = {1532-2998},
  doi = {10.1002/smi.2812},
  abstract = {Studies have reported that exposure to pet therapy (PT) can reduce physiological and subjective stress and anxiety levels. The aim of this meta-analysis is to examine the efficacy of PT as a method for reducing physiological stress levels (blood pressure and heart rate) and subjective stress and anxiety scores (self-reported stress/anxiety). Further, we examined the effects of sample characteristics and modifications to the PT (different age groups and health status of participants across samples, whether a stressor was present, and individual versus group PT) as potential moderators of the relationship between PT and stress reactivity. Our searches incorporated articles published from May 2017 and earlier in PsycINFO, MEDLINE, and PubMed. This meta-analysis included 28 articles with 34 independent samples and contained a total of 1,310 participants. Using a random effects model, we determined that significant differences occurred in heart rate, self-reported anxiety, and self-reported stress after PT exposure compared with before PT. However, we did not detect significant differences in blood pressure after PT. Sample characteristics and modifications to the PT significantly moderated the effect of PT on stress responses. Our results suggest that PT can be an effective program for reducing stress reactivity.},
  copyright = {Copyright \textcopyright{} 2018 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.},
  journal = {Stress and Health},
  keywords = {animal-assisted therapy,blood pressure,heart rate,pet therapy,stress},
  language = {en},
  number = {4}
}

@techreport{Empatica.2018,
  title = {E4 {{Wristband User}}'s {{Manual}}},
  author = {Empatica},
  year = {2018}
}

@article{Fiocco.Hunse.2017,
  title = {The Buffer Effect of Therapy Dog Exposure on Stress Reactivity in Undergraduate Students},
  author = {Fiocco, Alexandra J. and Hunse, Anastasia M.},
  year = {2017},
  month = jul,
  volume = {14},
  pages = {707},
  doi = {10.3390/ijerph14070707},
  abstract = {Stress is an insidious health risk that is commonly reported among university students. While research suggests that dog exposure may facilitate recovery from a stress response, little is known about the buffer effect of dog exposure on the stress response to a future stressor. This study examined whether interaction with a therapy dog could reduce the strength of the physiological stress response when exposed to a subsequent stressor. Sixty-one university students were randomly assigned to either a therapy dog (TD, n = 31) or a no-dog control (C, n = 30) group. The stress response was measured by electrodermal activity (EDA) in response to the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT). Participants also completed questionnaires that assessed pet attitude, general stress levels, and affect. Analyses of covariance (ANCOVAs) showed that increase in EDA was significantly more pronounced in the C group than in the TD group (p \&lt; 0.01). Pet attitudes did not modulate the buffer effect of therapy dog exposure. Results suggest that therapy dog exposure may buffer the stress response in university students, which has implications for the promotion of a viable stress management program on university campuses.},
  copyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/},
  journal = {International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health},
  keywords = {human-animal interaction,intervention,stress,therapy dog},
  language = {en},
  number = {7}
}

@incollection{Forgas.Eich.2013,
  title = {Affective Influences on Cognition: {{Mood}} Congruence, Mood Dependence, and Mood Effects on Processing Strategies},
  shorttitle = {Affective Influences on Cognition},
  booktitle = {Handbook of {{Psychology}}: {{Experimental Psychology}}},
  author = {Forgas, Joseph P. and Eich, Eric},
  editor = {Healy, A F and Proctor, R W and Weiner, I B},
  year = {2013},
  edition = {Second},
  volume = {4},
  pages = {61--82},
  publisher = {{John Wiley \& Sons, Inc.}},
  address = {{Hoboken, NJ, US}},
  abstract = {The interplay between feeling and thinking has been a subject of scholarly discussion and spirited debate since antiquity. The last few decades have witnessed a mounting interest in the impact of affective or mood states on learning, memory, decision making, and allied cognitive processes. Much of this interest has initially focused on two phenomena: mood-congruent cognition\textemdash the observation that a given mood promotes the processing of information that possesses a similar affective tone or valence, and mood-dependent memory\textemdash the observation that information encoded in a particular mood is most retrievable in that mood, irrespective of the information's affective valence. More recently, and especially since the publication of the previous edition of this Handbook, numerous studies have found that positive and negative moods can also influence memory due to their effects on information processing styles or strategies. This chapter examines the history and current status of research on mood congruence, mood dependence, and mood effects on processing strategies, with a view to clarifying what is known about each of these phenomena, and why they are worth knowing about. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)},
  isbn = {978-0-470-64993-0 978-1-118-28515-2 978-1-118-28194-9 978-1-118-28377-6},
  keywords = {Affective Valence,Cognition,Cognitive Processes,Emotional Adjustment,Emotional Control,Emotional Stability,Emotional States}
}

@incollection{Fournier.2019,
  title = {{{HAI}} Dose in Animal-Assisted Intervention},
  booktitle = {Animal-{{Assisted Intervention}}: {{Thinking Empirically}}},
  author = {Fournier, Angela K.},
  editor = {Fournier, Angela K.},
  year = {2019},
  pages = {31--51},
  publisher = {{Springer International Publishing}},
  address = {{Cham}},
  doi = {10.1007/978-3-030-32972-3_3},
  abstract = {This chapter identifies human\textendash animal interaction (HAI) dose as a construct of study for animal-assisted intervention (AAI) practice and research. To date, AAI studies have defined dose similarly to studies on traditional psychotherapy\textemdash number of sessions, length of sessions, and length of treatment. A case is made for studying intervention components separately, including HAI dose. Two studies are described, examining these dose\textendash effect relationships. Dose\textendash response curves are shown to illustrate the nature of the relationship between HAI and outcomes. In both a laboratory study and an applied study, defining dose by self-report scores and time spent respectively, the relationship appears to be nonlinear. Dose\textendash response curves were hyperbolic, with a period of exponential growth followed by a plateau. The findings suggest the dose\textendash response relationship for HAI and distress is more complex than ``the more the merrier.''},
  file = {/home/jstevens/zotero-library/Fournier/fournier_2019_hai_dose_in_animal-assisted_intervention.pdf},
  isbn = {978-3-030-32972-3},
  keywords = {Dose,Dose–response relationship,Human–animal interaction,Medical model},
  language = {en}
}

@article{Franco.etal.2017,
  title = {A Review of the Benefits of Nature Experiences: {{More}} than Meets the Eye},
  shorttitle = {A {{Review}} of the {{Benefits}} of {{Nature Experiences}}},
  author = {Franco, Lara S. and Shanahan, Danielle F. and Fuller, Richard A.},
  year = {2017},
  month = aug,
  volume = {14},
  pages = {864},
  publisher = {{Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute}},
  doi = {10.3390/ijerph14080864},
  abstract = {Evidence that experiences of nature can benefit people has accumulated rapidly. Yet perhaps because of the domination of the visual sense in humans, most research has focused on the visual aspects of nature experiences. However, humans are multisensory, and it seems likely that many benefits are delivered through the non-visual senses and these are potentially avenues through which a physiological mechanism could occur. Here we review the evidence around these lesser studied sensory pathways\textemdash through sound, smell, taste, touch, and three non-sensory pathways. Natural sounds and smells underpin experiences of nature for many people, and this may well be rooted in evolutionary psychology. Tactile experiences of nature, particularly beyond animal petting, are understudied yet potentially fundamentally important. Tastes of nature, through growing and consuming natural foods, have been linked with a range of health and well-being benefits. Beyond the five senses, evidence is emerging for other non-visual pathways for nature experiences to be effective. These include ingestion or inhalation of phytoncides, negative air ions and microbes. We conclude that (i) these non-visual avenues are potentially important for delivering benefits from nature experiences; (ii) the evidence base is relatively weak and often based on correlational studies; and (iii) deeper exploration of these sensory and non-sensory avenues is needed.},
  copyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/},
  journal = {International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health},
  keywords = {nature benefits,nature experience,nature therapy,sensory,wellbeing},
  language = {en},
  number = {8}
}

@article{Friedmann.Son.2009,
  title = {The Human-Companion Animal Bond: {{How}} Humans Benefit},
  shorttitle = {The {{Human}}\textendash{{Companion Animal Bond}}},
  author = {Friedmann, Erika and Son, Heesook},
  year = {2009},
  month = mar,
  volume = {39},
  pages = {293--326},
  issn = {0195-5616},
  doi = {10.1016/j.cvsm.2008.10.015},
  abstract = {The human\textendash animal bond is extremely important to most clients of small animal veterinary practices. Pet ownership, or just being in the presence of a companion animal, is associated with health benefits, including improvements in mental, social, and physiologic health status. This article provides the research data regarding the human health benefits of companion animals, animal-assisted therapy, animal-assisted activities, and assistance animals; reviews measures that can be taken to enable safe pet ownership for the immunocompromised, and discusses the veterinarian's role in supporting immune-compromised clients and clients who have assistance animals. Client education and enhanced veterinary care can reduce the risk from zoonotic diseases, even for the immunocompromised.},
  journal = {Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice},
  keywords = {Animal assisted therapy,Animal-assisted activities,Assistance animals,Assistance dogs,Companion animals,Pet therapy,Pets,Stress reduction},
  number = {2},
  series = {Veterinary {{Public Health}}}
}

@article{Gee.etal.2014,
  title = {Heart Rate Variability during a Working Memory Task: {{Does}} Touching a Dog or Person Affect the Response?},
  shorttitle = {Heart {{Rate Variability During}} a {{Working Memory Task}}},
  author = {Gee, Nancy R. and Friedmann, Erika and Stendahl, Marcus and Fisk, Amy and Coglitore, Victoria},
  year = {2014},
  month = dec,
  volume = {27},
  pages = {513--528},
  issn = {0892-7936, 1753-0377},
  doi = {10.2752/089279314X14072268687763},
  journal = {Anthrozo\"os},
  keywords = {hai,Heart rate variability,stress,working memory},
  language = {en},
  number = {4}
}

@incollection{Gee.etal.2015,
  title = {Animals in Educational Settings: {{Research}} and Practice},
  shorttitle = {Chapter 14 - {{Animals}} in {{Educational Settings}}},
  booktitle = {Handbook on {{Animal}}-{{Assisted Therapy}}},
  author = {Gee, Nancy R. and Fine, Aubrey H. and Schuck, Sabrina},
  editor = {Fine, Aubrey H},
  year = {2015},
  edition = {Fourth},
  pages = {195--210},
  publisher = {{Academic Press}},
  address = {{San Diego}},
  doi = {10.1016/B978-0-12-801292-5.00014-6},
  abstract = {This chapter will discuss the currently available information surrounding research into, and the practice of, live animals in typical and special needs educational settings (animal-assisted education\textemdash AAE) with a focus on the educational timeframe in which those animals are most frequently included in classroom settings: preschool through 8th grade (typically refers to children who are between the ages 4 and 13 years). Following this discussion the authors will provide a set of recommendations for policy guidelines for educators, administrators, members of boards of education, and state and federal legislators. The guidelines consider both human and animal welfare perspectives and are intended to apply to situations incorporating live animals into classrooms for educational purposes. In order to ground our discussion in practice we will provide one specific detailed example of an application of canine-assisted interventions in a population of children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. It should be noted that this chapter will not discuss the pedagogy of using animals as the subjects of invasive procedures. Although this chapter is focused on AAE in the context of the United States, we do consider the content and recommendations presented in this chapter to be applicable to AAE in other countries. We recommend that readers review laws and regulations and consider customs relevant to the individual country when implementing an AAE program.},
  isbn = {978-0-12-801292-5},
  keywords = {ADHD,Animal,Animal-assisted education,Animal-assisted intervention,Self-awareness,Student,Teacher}
}

@article{Gee.etal.2015a,
  title = {Does Physical Contact with a Dog or Person Affect Performance of a Working Memory Task?},
  author = {Gee, Nancy R. and Friedmann, Erika and Coglitore, Victoria and Fisk, Amy and Stendahl, Marcus},
  year = {2015},
  month = sep,
  volume = {28},
  pages = {483--500},
  issn = {0892-7936, 1753-0377},
  doi = {10.1080/08927936.2015.1052282},
  journal = {Anthrozo\"os},
  keywords = {hai,working memory},
  language = {en},
  number = {3}
}

@incollection{Gee.etal.2017b,
  title = {Companion Animals as Moderators of Stress Responses: Implications for Academic Performance, Testing, and Achievement},
  booktitle = {How {{Animals Help Students Learn}}: {{Research}} and {{Practice}} for {{Educators}} and {{Mental}}-{{Health Professionals}}},
  author = {Gee, Nancy R. and Fine, Aubrey H. and McCardle, P},
  editor = {Gee, Nancy R and Friedmann, Erika},
  year = {2017},
  pages = {120--132},
  publisher = {{Taylor \& Francis}},
  address = {{New York}}
}

@article{Gidlow.etal.2016,
  title = {Where to Put Your Best Foot Forward: {{Psycho}}-Physiological Responses to Walking in Natural and Urban Environments},
  shorttitle = {Where to Put Your Best Foot Forward},
  author = {Gidlow, Christopher J. and Jones, Marc V. and Hurst, Gemma and Masterson, Daniel and {Clark-Carter}, David and Tarvainen, Mika P. and Smith, Graham and Nieuwenhuijsen, Mark},
  year = {2016},
  month = mar,
  volume = {45},
  pages = {22--29},
  issn = {0272-4944},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jenvp.2015.11.003},
  abstract = {There is convergent evidence that natural environments allow restoration from stress. This randomised, cross-over, field-based trial compared psychological and physiological responses of unstressed individuals to self-paced 30-min~walks in three pleasant environments: residential (urban), natural (green), and natural with water (blue). Changes from baseline (T1) to T2 (end of 30-min~walk), and T3 (30~min after leaving environment) were measured in terms of mood, cognitive function, restoration experiences, salivary cortisol, and heart rate variability (HRV). In the final sample (n~=~38; 65\% male; mean age 40.9~{$\pm~$}17.6 years), mood and cortisol improved at T2 and T3 in all environments. Green and blue environments were associated with greater restoration experiences, and cognitive function improvements that persisted at T3. Stress reduction (mood and cortisol changes) in all environments points to the salutogenic effect of walking, but natural environments conferred additional cognitive benefits lasting at least 30~min after leaving the environment.},
  journal = {Journal of Environmental Psychology},
  keywords = {Cognitive,Environment,Nature,Stress,Walking},
  language = {en}
}

@article{Gothe.etal.2016,
  title = {Yoga Practice Improves Executive Function by Attenuating Stress Levels},
  author = {Gothe, Neha P. and Keswani, Rahul K. and McAuley, Edward},
  year = {2016},
  month = dec,
  volume = {121},
  pages = {109--116},
  issn = {0301-0511},
  doi = {10.1016/j.biopsycho.2016.10.010},
  abstract = {Background
Prolonged activation of the hypothalamus\textendash pituitary\textendash adrenal system is thought to have deleterious effects on brain function. Neuroendocrine studies suggest that brain exposure to higher cortisol concentrations contribute to cognitive deficits as we age. Mind-body techniques such as yoga have shown to improve stress levels by restoring the body's sympathetic-parasympathetic balance. The objective of this study was to determine whether yoga practice moderated the stress response resulting in improved executive function.
Methods
Sedentary community dwelling older adults (N=118, Mean age=62.02) were randomized to an 8-week yoga intervention or a stretching control group. At baseline and following 8 weeks, all participants completed measures of executive function, self-reported stress and anxiety and provided saliva samples before and after cognitive testing to assess cortisol.
Results
Yoga participants showed improved accuracy on executive function measures and an attenuated cortisol response compared to their stretching counterparts who showed increased cortisol levels and poor cognitive performance at follow up. The change in cortisol levels as well as self-reported stress and anxiety levels predicted performance on the running span task, n-back working memory and task switching paradigm ({$\beta$}'s=0.27\textendash 0.38, p's{$\leq$}0.05 for yoga and {$\beta$}'s=-0.37\textendash 0.47, p's{$\leq$}0.01 for stretching control).
Conclusion
Eight weeks of regular yoga practice resulted in improved working memory performance that was mediated by an attenuated response to stress as measured by self-report stress and objective salivary cortisol measurements. This trial offers evidence for non-traditional physical activity interventions such as yoga that may be helpful in restoring HPA balance in older adults, thereby preventing cognitive decline.},
  file = {/home/jstevens/zotero-library/Gothe et al/gothe_et_al_2016_yoga_practice_improves_executive_function_by_attenuating_stress_levels.pdf},
  journal = {Biological Psychology},
  keywords = {Hatha yoga,HPA axis,Task switching,Working memory},
  language = {en}
}

@article{Grajfoner.etal.2017,
  title = {The Effect of Dog-Assisted Intervention on Student Well-Being, Mood, and Anxiety},
  author = {Grajfoner, Dasha and Harte, Emma and Potter, Lauren M. and McGuigan, Nicola},
  year = {2017},
  month = may,
  volume = {14},
  pages = {483},
  doi = {10.3390/ijerph14050483},
  abstract = {This novel, exploratory study investigated the effect of a short, 20 min, dog-assisted intervention on student well-being, mood, and anxiety. One hundred and thirty-two university students were allocated to either an experimental condition or one of two control conditions. Each participant completed the Warwick\textendash Edinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale (WEMBS), the State Trait Anxiety Scale (STAI), and the UWIST Mood Adjective Checklist (UMACL) both before, and after, the intervention. The participants in the experimental condition interacted with both the dogs and their handlers, whereas the control groups interacted with either the dog only, or the handler only. The analyses revealed a significant difference across conditions for each measure, with those conditions in which a dog was present leading to significant improvements in mood and well-being, as well as a significant reduction in anxiety. Interestingly, the presence of a handler alongside the dog appeared to have a negative, and specific, effect on participant mood, with greater positive shifts in mood being witnessed when participants interacted with the dog alone, than when interacting with both the dog and the handler. These findings show that even a short 20 min session with a therapy dog can be an effective alternative intervention to improve student well-being, anxiety, and mood.},
  copyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/},
  journal = {International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health},
  keywords = {anxiety,dog-assisted intervention,higher education,mood,wellbeing},
  language = {en},
  number = {5}
}

@article{Griffin.etal.2019,
  title = {Human-Animal Interaction Research: {{Progress}} and Possibilities},
  shorttitle = {Human-{{Animal Interaction Research}}},
  author = {Griffin, James A. and Hurley, Karyl and McCune, Sandra},
  year = {2019},
  volume = {10},
  pages = {2803},
  issn = {1664-1078},
  doi = {10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02803},
  abstract = {Human-Animal Interaction Research: Progress and Possibilities},
  file = {/home/jstevens/zotero-library/Griffin et al/griffin_et_al_2019_human-animal_interaction_research_-_progress_and_possibilities.pdf},
  journal = {Frontiers in Psychology},
  keywords = {Adolescant,Animal- Assisted therapy,anthrozoology,Attention deficit - hyperactivity disorder (ADHD),autism spectral disorder (ASD),Child Development,Companion animal,Companion animal attachment,human-animal interaction (HAI),Pets,Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD),service animal},
  language = {English}
}

@article{Haatveit.etal.2010,
  title = {The Validity of d Prime as a Working Memory Index: {{Results}} from the ``{{Bergen}} n-Back Task''},
  shorttitle = {The Validity of d Prime as a Working Memory Index},
  author = {Haatveit, Beathe C. and Sundet, Kjetil and Hugdahl, Kenneth and Ueland, Torill and Melle, Ingrid and Andreassen, Ole A.},
  year = {2010},
  month = sep,
  volume = {32},
  pages = {871--880},
  publisher = {{Routledge}},
  issn = {1380-3395},
  doi = {10.1080/13803391003596421},
  abstract = {The n-back task is frequently used as an experimental paradigm in imaging studies of working memory. This study aimed to investigate whether the Bergen 2-back task is suitable for use in desktop assessment of patients with schizophrenia. Looking at the psychometric properties of the task, including the newly added measure of discriminability, d prime (d {${'}$}), our analyses confirmed that the 2-back d {${'}$} is the preferred measure of working memory dysfunction in desktop assessment compared to the Digit Span Backward and the Letter\textendash Number Sequencing subtests from the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale\textendash Third Edition (WAIS\textendash III). d {${'}$} has the advantage of capturing executive skills needed to perform mental operations in patients with schizophrenia, without being influenced by demographic variables or IQ.},
  journal = {Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology},
  keywords = {d prime,n-back,Psychometric properties,Schizophrenia,Working memory},
  number = {8},
  pmid = {20383801}
}

@article{Handlin.etal.2011,
  title = {Short-Term Interaction between Dogs and Their Owners: Effects on Oxytocin, Cortisol, Insulin and Heart Rate---an Exploratory Study},
  shorttitle = {Short-{{Term Interaction}} between {{Dogs}} and {{Their Owners}}},
  author = {Handlin, Linda and {Hydbring-Sandberg}, Eva and Nilsson, Anne and Ejdeb{\"a}ck, Mikael and Jansson, Anna and {Uvn{\"a}s-Moberg}, Kerstin},
  year = {2011},
  month = sep,
  volume = {24},
  pages = {301--315},
  issn = {0892-7936},
  doi = {10.2752/175303711X13045914865385},
  abstract = {The aim of this exploratory study was to determine heart rate and the levels of oxytocin, cortisol, and insulin in dogs and their owners in response to a short-term interaction. In addition, the dogs' behavior was studied. The owners' responses were compared with those obtained from a control group. Ten female volunteers and their own male Labrador dogs participated in an experiment during which the owner stroked, petted, and talked with her dog during the first 3 minutes. Blood samples were collected from both dog and owner before (0) and at 1, 3, 5, 15, 30, and 60 minutes after the start of the interaction. Blood samples were analyzed by EIA. Heart rate was monitored telemetrically. The data were analyzed using linear mixed models and paired t-tests. The dogs' oxytocin levels were significantly increased 3 minutes after the start of the interaction (p = 0.027). Cortisol levels were significantly increased after 15 and 30 minutes (p = 0.004 and p = 0.022, respectively), and heart rate was significantly decreased after 55 minutes (p = 0.008). The dogs displayed normal behaviors during the experiment. The owners' oxytocin levels peaked between 1 and 5 minutes after interaction (p = 0.026). No such effect was seen in the controls. Cortisol levels displayed a significant decrease at 15 or 30 minutes in both owners and controls, and insulin levels did so at 60 minutes (p = 0.030, p = 0.002 and p = 0.002, p {$<$} 0.0001, respectively). Heart rate decreased significantly in the owners at 55 and 60 minutes (p = 0.0008) but not in the controls. In conclusion, short-term sensory interaction between dogs and their owners influences hormonal levels and heart rate. However, further studies need to be performed in order to better understand the effects of interaction between dogs and their owners.},
  journal = {Anthrozo\"os},
  number = {3}
}

@article{Hediger.Turner.2014,
  title = {Can Dogs Increase Children's Attention and Concentration Performance? {{A}} Randomised Controlled Trial},
  shorttitle = {Can Dogs Increase Children's Attention and Concentration Performance?},
  author = {Hediger, Karin and Turner, Dennis C.},
  year = {2014},
  volume = {2},
  pages = {21--39},
  journal = {Human Animal Interaction Bulletin},
  keywords = {children,cognition,CPT,hai}
}

@article{Hosey.Melfi.2014,
  title = {Human-Animal Interactions, Relationships and Bonds: A Review and Analysis of the Literature},
  shorttitle = {Human-Animal Interactions, Relationships and Bonds},
  author = {Hosey, Geoff and Melfi, Vicky},
  year = {2014},
  volume = {27},
  issn = {0889-3667},
  abstract = {The study of human-animal interactions (HAI), and the resulting human-animal relationships (HARs) and bonds (HABs) which are set up as a consequence, is currently a topical issue in comparative psychology. Here we review the HAI/HAR/HAB literature to detect the main publication trends, and to identify the predominant research themes in this area. Research in HAI/HAR/HAB only really started in the 1980s, but since then there has been a growth in studies which is still continuing. Most of these studies have been in the contexts of companion animal or agricultural animal research, but there is now a growing literature on laboratory, zoo and wild animals too. In the companion animal HAI/HAB literature the greatest emphasis has been on Animal-assisted Interventions (AAI), and the benefits to people of pet ownership and interaction with pets. Agricultural HAI/HAR research, on the contrary, has been more concerned with the welfare consequences of HAI/HARs to the animals. This disjunction is reflected in the preference of companion animal researchers to use the term `bond', but agricultural researchers to use `relationship'. Other themes prominent in the literature include methodological issues, the characteristics of caretakers, the role of veterinarians, sociological approaches, and theoretical aspects. It is concluded that currently HAI/HAR/HAB research does not constitute a unified field, and there is a need to: i) agree and define a standard terminology; ii) undertake more research on the effects of HAI on companion animals; iii) undertake more research on the form and frequency of interactions; and iv) increase research on HAI/HAR/HABs in laboratory, zoo and wild-living animals. This research is important to understand whether HAI has positive, neutral or negative consequences, both for humans and for animals.},
  file = {/home/jstevens/zotero-library/Hosey et al/hosey_et_al_2014_human-animal_interactions,_relationships_and_bonds_-_a_review_and_analysis_of.pdf},
  journal = {International Journal of Comparative Psychology},
  language = {en},
  number = {1}
}

@article{Janssens.etal.2020,
  title = {The Pet-Effect in Daily Life: {{An}} Experience Sampling Study on Emotional Wellbeing in Pet Owners},
  shorttitle = {The {{Pet}}-{{Effect}} in {{Daily Life}}},
  author = {Janssens, Mayke and Eshuis, Jannes and Peeters, Sanne and Lataster, Johan and Reijnders, Jennifer and {Enders-Slegers}, Marie-Jose and Jacobs, Nele},
  year = {2020},
  month = jul,
  volume = {33},
  pages = {579--588},
  publisher = {{Routledge}},
  issn = {0892-7936},
  doi = {10.1080/08927936.2020.1771061},
  abstract = {The relationship between companion animal ownership and wellbeing has received an increasing amount of scientific attention over the last few decades. Although the general assumption is that individuals benefit from the presence of companion animals (termed the ``pet-effect''), recent evidence suggests that the nature of this association is diverse and complex and that many of the studies performed so far are subject to methodological constraints. This study therefore aimed to investigate the pet-effect in the natural setting of pet-owners' daily life. Using the Experience Sampling Method (a signal contingent ecological assessment technique), 55 dog or cat owners reported for five consecutive days, at ten random time-points each day, in the moment whether a pet was present and to what extent they interacted with it. In addition, at each measurement moment they reported on their current positive and negative affect, using 11 mood-related adjectives derived from the Positive And Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS). Multilevel regression analyses showed that negative affect was relatively lower at moments when the companion animal was present (vs. absent) (B = \textendash 0.09, p = 0.02, 95\%CI = \textendash 0.16; \textendash 0.02). In addition, the level of interaction with a companion animal was positively associated with positive affect (B = 0.04, p {$<$} 0.001, 95\%CI = 0.01; 0.07). These results are in line with the pet-effect hypothesis in suggesting that the presence of and interaction with companion animals is associated with aspects of emotional wellbeing. More specifically, the presence of a companion animal may buffer against negative feelings, while interacting with a companion animal may generate positive feelings. This differential effect on positive versus negative affect also shows that the pet-effect is not an unequivocal effect. Different aspects of the human\textendash animal relationship may influence different aspects of wellbeing.},
  journal = {Anthrozo\"os},
  keywords = {affect,ambulatory assessment,companion animals,ecological momentary assessment,human–animal interaction},
  number = {4}
}

@article{JASPTeam.2020,
  title = {{{JASP}} (Version 0.12.2)[{{Computer}} Software]},
  author = {{JASP Team}},
  year = {2020}
}

@article{Johnson.2016,
  title = {Violation of the Homogeneity of Regression Slopes Assumption in {{ANCOVA}} for Two-Group Pre-Post Designs: {{Tutorial}} on a Modified {{Johnson}}-{{Neyman}} Procedure},
  shorttitle = {Violation of the Homogeneity of Regression Slopes Assumption in {{ANCOVA}} for Two-Group Pre-Post Designs},
  author = {Johnson, Teresa R.},
  year = {2016},
  month = oct,
  volume = {12},
  pages = {253--263},
  issn = {2292-1354},
  doi = {10.20982/tqmp.12.3.p253},
  journal = {The Quantitative Methods for Psychology},
  number = {3}
}

@article{Kane.etal.2007,
  title = {Working Memory, Attention Control, and the {{N}}-Back Task: A Question of Construct Validity},
  shorttitle = {Working Memory, Attention Control, and the {{N}}-Back Task},
  author = {Kane, Michael J. and Conway, Andrew R. A. and Miura, Timothy K. and Colflesh, Gregory J. H.},
  year = {2007},
  month = may,
  volume = {33},
  pages = {615--622},
  issn = {0278-7393},
  doi = {10.1037/0278-7393.33.3.615},
  abstract = {The N-back task requires participants to decide whether each stimulus in a sequence matches the one that appeared n items ago. Although N-back has become a standard "executive" working memory (WM) measure in cognitive neuroscience, it has been subjected to few behavioral tests of construct validity. A combined experimental- correlational study tested the attention-control demands of verbal 2- and 3-back tasks by presenting n = 1 "lure" foils. Lures elicited more false alarms than control foils in both 2- and 3-back tasks, and lures caused more misses to targets that immediately followed them compared with control targets, but only in 3-back tasks. N-back thus challenges control over familiarity-based responding. Participants also completed a verbal WM span task (operation span task) and a marker test of general fluid intelligence (Gf; Ravens Advanced Progressive Matrices Test; J. C. Raven, J. E. Raven, \& J. H. Court, 1998). N-back and WM span correlated weakly, suggesting they do not reflect primarily a single construct; moreover, both accounted for independent variance in Gf. N-back has face validity as a WM task, but it does not demonstrate convergent validity with at least 1 established WM measure.},
  journal = {Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition},
  keywords = {Attention,Humans,Individuality,Intelligence,Memory; Short-Term,Pattern Recognition; Visual,Problem Solving,Psychomotor Performance,Reaction Time,Semantics,Serial Learning,Verbal Learning},
  language = {eng},
  number = {3},
  pmid = {17470009}
}

@article{Kaplan.1995,
  title = {The Restorative Benefits of Nature: {{Toward}} an Integrative Framework},
  shorttitle = {The Restorative Benefits of Nature},
  author = {Kaplan, Stephen},
  year = {1995},
  month = sep,
  volume = {15},
  pages = {169--182},
  issn = {0272-4944},
  doi = {10.1016/0272-4944(95)90001-2},
  abstract = {Directed attention plays an important role in human information processing; its fatigue, in turn, has far-reaching consequences. Attention Restoration Theory provides an analysis of the kinds of experiences that lead to recovery from such fatigue. Natural environments turn out to be particularly rich in the characteristics necessary for restorative experiences. An integrative framework is proposed that places both directed attention and stress in the larger context of human-environment relationships.},
  journal = {Journal of Environmental Psychology},
  keywords = {art,nature},
  number = {3},
  series = {Green {{Psychology}}}
}

@article{Kaplan.Berman.2010,
  title = {Directed Attention as a Common Resource for Executive Functioning and Self-Regulation},
  author = {Kaplan, Stephen and Berman, Marc G.},
  year = {2010},
  month = jan,
  volume = {5},
  pages = {43--57},
  issn = {1745-6916},
  doi = {10.1177/1745691609356784},
  abstract = {Research on executive functioning and on self-regulation have each identified a critical resource that is central to that domain and is susceptible to depletion. In addition, studies have shown that self-regulation tasks and executive-functioning tasks interact with each other, suggesting that they may share resources. Other research has focused specifically on restoring what we propose is the shared resource between self-regulation and executive functioning. Utilizing a theory-based natural environment intervention, these studies have found improvements in executive-functioning performance and self-regulation effectiveness, suggesting that the natural environment intervention restores this shared resource.},
  journal = {Perspectives on Psychological Science},
  language = {en},
  number = {1}
}

@book{Kaplan.Kaplan.1989,
  title = {The {{Experience}} of {{Nature}}: {{A Psychological Perspective}}},
  shorttitle = {The Experience of Nature},
  author = {Kaplan, Rachel and Kaplan, Stephen},
  year = {1989},
  publisher = {{Cambridge University Press}},
  address = {{New York}},
  file = {/home/jstevens/zotero-system/storage/59EM2TEF/books.html}
}

@incollection{Kruger.Serpell.2010,
  title = {Animal-Assisted Interventions in Mental Health: Definitions and Theoretical Foundations},
  shorttitle = {3 - {{Animal}}-Assisted Interventions in Mental Health},
  booktitle = {Handbook on {{Animal}}-{{Assisted Therapy}} ({{Third Edition}})},
  author = {Kruger, Katherine A. and Serpell, James A.},
  editor = {Fine, Aubrey H.},
  year = {2010},
  month = jan,
  pages = {33--48},
  publisher = {{Academic Press}},
  address = {{San Diego}},
  doi = {10.1016/B978-0-12-381453-1.10003-0},
  abstract = {The advent of scientific medicine toward the end of the nineteenth century had the effect of displacing companion animals from therapeutic settings. The goals of this chapter are to clarify the distinction between therapies and other assistive or recreational uses of animals, and then to explore some of the theories that underlie the incorporation of animals into therapeutic contexts. The field of animal-assisted interventions currently lacks a unified, widely accepted, or empirically supported theoretical framework for explaining how and why relationships between humans and animals are potentially therapeutic. A considerable variety of possible mechanisms of action are proposed or alluded to in the literature, most of which focus on the supposedly unique intrinsic attributes of animals that appear to contribute to therapy. The notion that animals possess certain inherent qualities that may facilitate therapy is widespread in the literature. According to this view, the mere presence of the animal, its spontaneous behaviors, and its availability for interaction may provide opportunities and confer benefits that would be impossible, or much harder, to obtain in its absence. Theories regarding the mechanisms responsible for therapeutic benefits tend to center either on the notion that animals possess unique attributes that can facilitate and contribute to therapy, or that developing a working relationship with an animal can lead to positive changes in cognition and behavior through the acquisition of novel skills, and the acceptance of personal agency and responsibility.},
  isbn = {978-0-12-381453-1}
}

@article{Lass-Hennemann.etal.2014,
  title = {Presence of a Dog Reduces Subjective but Not Physiological Stress Responses to an Analog Trauma},
  author = {{Lass-Hennemann}, Johanna and Peyk, Peter and Streb, Markus and Holz, Elena and Michael, Tanja},
  year = {2014},
  volume = {5},
  pages = {1010},
  publisher = {{Frontiers}},
  issn = {1664-1078},
  doi = {10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01010},
  abstract = {Dogs are known to have stress and anxiety reducing effects. Several studies have shown that dogs are able to calm people during cognitive and performance stressors. Recently, therapy dogs have been proposed as a treatment adjunct for PTSD patients. In this study we aimed to investigate, whether dogs also have anxiety- and stress reducing effect during ``traumatic stressors''. 80 healthy female participants were randomly assigned to one of 4 conditions. They were exposed to a ``traumatic'' film clip (trauma-film-paradigm). For one group of participants a friendly dog was present during the film, one group of participants was accompanied by a friendly human, another control group watched the film with a toy animal and the last group watched the film clip alone. Participants that were accompanied by the dog during the film reported lower anxiety ratings and less negative affect after the film clip as compared to the ``toy dog group'' and the ``alone group''. Results of the ``dog group'' were comparable to the group that was accompanied by a friendly human. There were no differences in physiological stress responses between the four conditions. Our results show that dogs are able to lessen subjectively experienced stress and anxiety during a ``traumatic'' stress situation. This effect was comparable to that of social support by a friendly person. Implications for PTSD patients are discussed.},
  journal = {Frontiers in Psychology},
  keywords = {Animal Assisted Therapy,cortisol,Psychological,PTSD,service dogs,Stress,trauma film paradigm},
  language = {English}
}

@article{Li.Sullivan.2016,
  title = {Impact of Views to School Landscapes on Recovery from Stress and Mental Fatigue},
  author = {Li, Dongying and Sullivan, William C.},
  year = {2016},
  month = apr,
  volume = {148},
  pages = {149--158},
  issn = {0169-2046},
  doi = {10.1016/j.landurbplan.2015.12.015},
  abstract = {Previous research has demonstrated positive associations between the greenness of high school landscapes and school wide academic performance. We do not known, however, if green landscapes cause better performance or if the association between the two is a product of self-selection. If there is a causal relationship, the pathways through which green school landscapes affect student performance remain unclear. We hypothesize that views onto green landscapes help students recover from mental fatigue and stress. To test these hypotheses, we conducted a randomized controlled experiment with 94 high school students at five high schools. Participants were randomly assigned to classrooms without windows or with windows that opened onto a built space or a green space. Participants engaged in typical classroom activities followed by a break in the classroom to which they were assigned. Attentional functioning was measured using Digit Span Forward and Backwards. Physiological stress levels were measured by skin conductance, body temperature, pNN50 (the proportion of the number of pairs of successive NNs that differ by more than 50ms divided by the total number of NNs) and LF/HF (the ratio between low-frequency peak and high frequency peak). Results demonstrate that classroom views to green landscapes cause significantly better performance on tests of attention and increase student's recovery from stressful experiences. A lack of mediation effect demonstrates that attention restoration and stress recovery are two distinct processes. Implications for school site selection, design and renovation are discussed.},
  journal = {Landscape and Urban Planning},
  keywords = {attention,Attention restoration,nature,School landscape,srt,stress,Stress recovery,Student performance}
}

@article{Maujean.etal.2015,
  title = {A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials of Animal-Assisted Therapy on Psychosocial Outcomes},
  author = {Maujean, Annick and Pepping, Christopher A. and Kendall, Elizabeth},
  year = {2015},
  month = mar,
  volume = {28},
  pages = {23--36},
  issn = {0892-7936},
  doi = {10.2752/089279315X14129350721812},
  abstract = {The use of animal-assisted interventions (aaIs) to achieve psychological benefits has expanded rapidly over the last few years. However, this is a vastly under-researched area, and the research to date has been largely descriptive, in the form of case studies, or has used only small groups of participants with no control condition. Remarkably few studies have utilized gold standard randomized controlled designs. The aim of the present review was to examine the current state of the literature in regard to only randomized controlled trials (RCts) examining the psychosocial benefits of aaIs, which is a necessary step in order to move the field forward. A search of relevant databases was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and meta-analyses (PRISma) guidelines. A total of 66,180 articles were identified at the outset; this was reduced to eight articles (involving 7 studies), following the removal of duplicates (39,377), unrelated titles (26,525), and those that did not meet inclusion criteria (270). Findings from the present review suggest that aaIs may be of benefit to a wide range of individuals, including children with autism, and adults with psychological disorders, including schizophrenia. However, further research using well-designed RCts is required to more definitively explore what specific types of aaI are beneficial for specific populations. Recommendations for future research are provided.},
  journal = {Anthrozo\"os},
  keywords = {animal-assisted activities,animal-assisted intervention,animal-assisted therapy,psychosocial outcomes,randomized controlled trial},
  number = {1}
}

@article{Mayer.etal.2008,
  title = {Why Is Nature Beneficial?: {{The}} Role of Connectedness to Nature},
  shorttitle = {Why {{Is Nature Beneficial}}?},
  author = {Mayer, F. Stephan and Frantz, Cynthia McPherson and {Bruehlman-Senecal}, Emma and Dolliver, Kyffin},
  year = {2008},
  month = sep,
  publisher = {{SAGE PublicationsSage CA: Los Angeles, CA}},
  doi = {10.1177/0013916508319745},
  abstract = {Three studies examine the effects of exposure to nature on positive affect and ability to reflect on a life problem. Participants spent 15 min walking in a natu...},
  journal = {Environment and Behavior},
  language = {en}
}

@article{McCabe.etal.2010,
  title = {The Relationship between Working Memory Capacity and Executive Functioning: Evidence for a Common Executive Attention Construct},
  shorttitle = {The {{Relationship Between Working Memory Capacity}} and {{Executive Functioning}}},
  author = {McCabe, David P. and Roediger, Henry L. and McDaniel, Mark A. and Balota, David A. and Hambrick, David Z.},
  year = {2010},
  month = mar,
  volume = {24},
  pages = {222--243},
  issn = {0894-4105},
  doi = {10.1037/a0017619},
  abstract = {Attentional control has been conceptualized as executive functioning by neuropsychologists and as working memory capacity by experimental psychologists. We examined the relationship between these constructs using a factor analytic approach in an adult lifespan sample. Several tests of working memory capacity and executive function were administered to over 200 subjects between the ages of 18-90 years old, along with tests of processing speed and episodic memory. The correlation between working memory capacity and executive functioning constructs was very strong (r = .97), but correlations between these constructs and processing speed were considerably weaker (r's {$\approx$} .79). Controlling for working memory capacity or executive function eliminated age effects on episodic memory, and working memory capacity or executive function accounted for variance in episodic memory beyond that accounted for by processing speed. We conclude that tests of working memory capacity and executive function share a common underlying executive attention component that is strongly predictive of higher-level cognition.},
  file = {/home/jstevens/zotero-library/McCabe et al/mccabe_et_al_2010_the_relationship_between_working_memory_capacity_and_executive_functioning_-.pdf},
  journal = {Neuropsychology},
  number = {2},
  pmcid = {PMC2852635},
  pmid = {20230116}
}

@inproceedings{McCarthy.etal.2016,
  title = {Validation of the {{Empatica E4}} Wristband},
  booktitle = {2016 {{IEEE EMBS International Student Conference}} ({{ISC}})},
  author = {McCarthy, Cameron and Pradhan, Nikhilesh and Redpath, Calum and Adler, Andy},
  year = {2016},
  month = may,
  pages = {1--4},
  doi = {10.1109/EMBSISC.2016.7508621},
  abstract = {A preliminary study into the signal quality of the Empatica's E4 portable photoplethysmogram device as validation for further research on using the device to detect the heart arrhythmia atrial fibrillation. In order to pursue this research, it was necessary to verify the quality of the data produced by the E4 device against a device currently used by clinicians to detect atrial fibrillation. This was done by having healthy volunteers wear both the Empatica E4 and the clinician standard device while following standard clinician procedure for atrial fibrillation diagnosis. The device was compared qualitatively against General Electric's SEER Light Extend Recorder holter portable electrocardiogram. The analysis was done by non-experts at varying academic levels. The primary reviewer's results showed similar data quality between both devices 85\% of the time and the holter performed better 5\% of the time.},
  keywords = {arrhythmia,Atrial fibrillation,atrial fibrillation diagnosis,data quality,diseases,electrocardiogram,electrocardiography,Electrocardiography,Electrodes,Empatica E4 portable photoplethysmogram device,Empatica E4 wristband,Heart,heart arrhythmia atrial fibrillation,medical signal processing,Monitoring,patient diagnosis,photoplethysmogram,photoplethysmography,SEER Light Extend Recorder holter portable electrocardiogram,Shape,Wrist}
}

@article{McCune.etal.2014,
  title = {Evolution of Research into the Mutual Benefits of Human-Animal Interaction},
  author = {McCune, Sandra and Kruger, Katherine A. and Griffin, James A. and Esposito, Layla and Freund, Lisa S. and Hurley, Karyl J. and Bures, Regina},
  year = {2014},
  month = jul,
  volume = {4},
  pages = {49--58},
  publisher = {{Oxford Academic}},
  issn = {2160-6056},
  doi = {10.2527/af.2014-0022},
  abstract = {AbstractThere has been unprecedented development of research into human\textendash animal interaction (HAI) in recent years, and this has produced rapid growth in our know},
  file = {/home/jstevens/zotero-library/McCune et al/mccune_et_al_2014_evolution_of_research_into_the_mutual_benefits_of_human–animal_interaction.pdf},
  journal = {Animal Frontiers},
  language = {en},
  number = {3}
}

@article{McCune.etal.2020,
  title = {Editorial: {{Human}}-Animal Interaction ({{HAI}}) Research: {{A}} Decade of Progress},
  shorttitle = {Editorial},
  author = {McCune, Sandra and McCardle, Peggy and Griffin, James A. and Esposito, Layla and Hurley, Karyl and Bures, Regina and Kruger, Katherine A.},
  year = {2020},
  volume = {7},
  publisher = {{Frontiers}},
  issn = {2297-1769},
  doi = {10.3389/fvets.2020.00044},
  abstract = {Editorial: Human-Animal Interaction (HAI) Research: A Decade of Progress},
  journal = {Frontiers in Veterinary Science},
  keywords = {animal assisted activities,animal assisted intervention,Child Development,human – animal relationships,human-animal bond,human-animal interaction (HAI)},
  language = {English}
}

@article{McEvoy.etal.1999,
  title = {What Is the Connection between True and False Memories? {{The}} Differential Roles of Interitem Associations in Recall and Recognition},
  shorttitle = {What Is the Connection between True and False Memories?},
  author = {McEvoy, C. L. and Nelson, D. L. and Komatsu, T.},
  year = {1999},
  month = sep,
  volume = {25},
  pages = {1177--1194},
  issn = {0278-7393},
  doi = {10.1037//0278-7393.25.5.1177},
  abstract = {Veridical memory for presented list words and false memory for nonpresented but related items were tested using the Deese/Roediger and McDermott paradigm. The strength and density of preexisting connections among the list words, and from the list words to the critical items, were manipulated. The likelihood of producing false memories in free recall varied with the strength of connections from the list words to the critical items but was inversely related to the density of the interconnections among the list words. In contrast, veridical recall of list words was positively related to the density of the interconnections. A final recognition test showed that both false and veridical memories were more likely when the list words were more densely interconnected. The results are discussed in terms of an associative model of memory, Processing Implicit and Explicit Representations (PIER 2) that describes the influence of implicitly activated preexisting information on memory performance.},
  journal = {Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition},
  keywords = {Cognition,Humans,Mental Recall,Probability,Psychological Theory,Semantics,Vocabulary},
  language = {eng},
  number = {5},
  pmid = {10505342}
}

@incollection{Melson.2011,
  title = {Principles for Human-Animal Interaction Research},
  booktitle = {How {{Animals Affect Us}}: {{Examining}} the {{Influences}} of {{Human}}-{{Animal Interaction}} on {{Child Development}} and {{Human Health}}},
  author = {Melson, Gail F.},
  editor = {McCardle, P and McCune, S and Griffin, J A and Maholmes, Valerie},
  year = {2011},
  pages = {13--33},
  publisher = {{American Psychological Association}},
  address = {{Washington, DC, US}},
  doi = {10.1037/12301-001},
  abstract = {This chapter suggests a set of principles that should underlie a multidisciplinary collaborative research agenda focused on human\textendash animal interaction (HAI) and child development. These principles approach HAI research from a contextual perspective. Such a perspective mandates the study of children within their naturally occurring contexts in all their complexity\textemdash including other humans, of course (family members, peers, neighbors, teachers, clergy, etc.), but also the physical, geographical, political, social, and cultural milieus within which these human relationships are experienced. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)},
  isbn = {978-1-4338-0865-4 978-1-4338-0866-1},
  keywords = {Childhood Development,Interspecies Interaction,Pets}
}

@article{Miyake.etal.2000,
  title = {The Unity and Diversity of Executive Functions and Their Contributions to Complex ``Frontal Lobe'' Tasks: A Latent Variable Analysis},
  shorttitle = {The {{Unity}} and {{Diversity}} of {{Executive Functions}} and {{Their Contributions}} to {{Complex}} ``{{Frontal Lobe}}'' {{Tasks}}},
  author = {Miyake, Akira and Friedman, Naomi P. and Emerson, Michael J. and Witzki, Alexander H. and Howerter, Amy and Wager, Tor D.},
  year = {2000},
  month = aug,
  volume = {41},
  pages = {49--100},
  issn = {0010-0285},
  doi = {10.1006/cogp.1999.0734},
  abstract = {This individual differences study examined the separability of three often postulated executive functions\textemdash mental set shifting (``Shifting''), information updating and monitoring (``Updating''), and inhibition of prepotent responses (``Inhibition'')\textemdash and their roles in complex ``frontal lobe'' or ``executive'' tasks. One hundred thirty-seven college students performed a set of relatively simple experimental tasks that are considered to predominantly tap each target executive function as well as a set of frequently used executive tasks: the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), Tower of Hanoi (TOH), random number generation (RNG), operation span, and dual tasking. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the three target executive functions are moderately correlated with one another, but are clearly separable. Moreover, structural equation modeling suggested that the three functions contribute differentially to performance on complex executive tasks. Specifically, WCST performance was related most strongly to Shifting, TOH to Inhibition, RNG to Inhibition and Updating, and operation span to Updating. Dual task performance was not related to any of the three target functions. These results suggest that it is important to recognize both the unity and diversity of executive functions and that latent variable analysis is a useful approach to studying the organization and roles of executive functions.},
  journal = {Cognitive Psychology},
  number = {1}
}

@article{Moynihan.etal.2013,
  title = {Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for Older Adults: {{Effects}} on Executive Function, Frontal Alpha Asymmetry and Immune Function},
  shorttitle = {Mindfulness-{{Based Stress Reduction}} for {{Older Adults}}},
  author = {Moynihan, Jan A. and Chapman, Benjamin P. and Klorman, Rafael and Krasner, Michael S. and Duberstein, Paul R. and Brown, Kirk Warren and Talbot, Nancy L.},
  year = {2013},
  volume = {68},
  pages = {34--43},
  publisher = {{Karger Publishers}},
  issn = {0302-282X, 1423-0224},
  doi = {10.1159/000350949},
  abstract = {\textbf{\emph{Background/Aims:}} Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) has enhanced cognition, positive emotion, and immunity in younger and middle-aged samples; its benefits are less well known for older persons. Here we report on a randomized controlled trial of MBSR for older adults and its effects on executive function, left frontal asymmetry of the EEG alpha band, and antibody response. \textbf{\emph{Methods: }}Older adults (n = 201) were randomized to MBSR or waiting list control. The outcome measures were: the Trail Making Test part B/A (Trails B/A) ratio, a measure of executive function; changes in left frontal alpha asymmetry, an indicator of positive emotions or approach motivation; depression, mindfulness, and perceived stress scores, and the immunoglobulin G response to a protein antigen, a measure of adaptive immunity. \textbf{\emph{Results:}} MBSR participants had a lower Trails B/A ratio immediately after intervention (p {$<$} 0.05); reduced shift to rightward frontal alpha activation after intervention (p = 0.03); higher baseline antibody levels after intervention (p {$<$} 0.01), but \emph{lower} antibody responses 24 weeks after antigen challenge (p {$<$} 0.04), and improved mindfulness after intervention (p = 0.023) and at 21 weeks of follow-up (p = 0.006). \textbf{\emph{Conclusions:}} MBSR produced small but significant changes in executive function, mindfulness, and sustained left frontal alpha asymmetry. The antibody findings at follow-up were unexpected. Further study of the effects of MBSR on immune function should assess changes in antibody responses in comparison to T-cell-mediated effector functions, which decline as a function of age.},
  file = {/home/jstevens/zotero-library/Moynihan et al/moynihan_et_al_2013_mindfulness-based_stress_reduction_for_older_adults_-_effects_on_executive.pdf},
  journal = {Neuropsychobiology},
  language = {english},
  number = {1},
  pmid = {23774986}
}

@article{OConnell.etal.2017,
  title = {Methods for Analysis of Pre-Post Data in Clinical Research: A Comparison of Five Common Methods},
  shorttitle = {Methods for {{Analysis}} of {{Pre}}-{{Post Data}} in {{Clinical Research}}},
  author = {O'Connell, Nathaniel S. and Dai, Lin and Jiang, Yunyun and Speiser, Jaime L. and Ward, Ralph and Wei, Wei and Carroll, Rachel and Gebregziabher, Mulugeta},
  year = {2017},
  month = feb,
  volume = {8},
  pages = {1--8},
  issn = {2155-6180},
  doi = {10.4172/2155-6180.1000334},
  abstract = {Often repeated measures data are summarized into pre-post-treatment measurements. Various methods exist in the literature for estimating and testing treatment effect, including ANOVA, analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), and linear mixed modeling (LMM). Under the first two methods, outcomes can either be modeled as the post treatment measurement (ANOVA-POST or ANCOVA-POST), or a change score between pre and post measurements (ANOVA-CHANGE, ANCOVA-CHANGE). In LMM, the outcome is modeled as a vector of responses with or without Kenward-Rogers adjustment. We consider five methods common in the literature, and discuss them in terms of supporting simulations and theoretical derivations of variance. Consistent with existing literature, our results demonstrate that each method leads to unbiased treatment effect estimates, and based on precision of estimates, 95\% coverage probability, and power, ANCOVA modeling of either change scores or post-treatment score as the outcome, prove to be the most effective. We further demonstrate each method in terms of a real data example to exemplify comparisons in real clinical context.},
  journal = {Journal of biometrics \& biostatistics},
  number = {1},
  pmcid = {PMC6290914},
  pmid = {30555734}
}

@article{Odendaal.Meintjes.2003,
  title = {Neurophysiological Correlates of Affiliative Behaviour between Humans and Dogs},
  author = {Odendaal, J. S. J and Meintjes, R. A},
  year = {2003},
  month = may,
  volume = {165},
  pages = {296--301},
  issn = {1090-0233},
  doi = {10.1016/S1090-0233(02)00237-X},
  abstract = {Few physiological parameters for positive human\textendash companion animal contact have been identified and those that are established have all been in humans. The implication is that if the physiological reactions are mutual, dogs would experience the same psychological benefits from these neurophysiological changes as humans. Therefore, we have determined the role of certain neurochemicals during affiliation behaviour on an interspecies basis. Our results indicate that concentrations of {$\beta$}-endorphin, oxytocin, prolactin, {$\beta$}-phenylethylamine, and dopamine increased in both species after positive interspecies interaction, while that of cortisol decreased in the humans only. Indicators of mutual physiological changes during positive interaction between dog lovers and dogs may contribute to a better understanding of the human\textendash animal bond in veterinary practice.},
  journal = {The Veterinary Journal},
  keywords = {Neurochemicals,parameters,positive human–dog interaction},
  number = {3}
}

@article{OHaire.2010,
  title = {Companion Animals and Human Health: {{Benefits}}, Challenges, and the Road Ahead},
  shorttitle = {Companion Animals and Human Health},
  author = {O'Haire, Marguerite},
  year = {2010},
  month = sep,
  volume = {5},
  pages = {226--234},
  issn = {1558-7878},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jveb.2010.02.002},
  abstract = {Fossil evidence indicates an association between human beings and animals dating back at least half a million years. Today, this relationship remains strong, as evidenced by millions of visits to zoos annually, high rates of pet ownership, and the economic prosperity of the pet industry. A review of the literature indicates that human-animal interactions can remarkably enhance human physical health and psychological well-being. Yet despite reported benefits and public enthusiasm for animal-related activities, human affiliation with animals and nature is rapidly on the decline largely owing to a shift toward industrialized city living. Future research should not only continue to examine the mental and physical health implications of companion animal ownership, but also the ways to most successfully incorporate them into modern lifestyles and communities.},
  journal = {Journal of Veterinary Behavior},
  keywords = {animal-assisted interventions,animal-assisted therapy,biophilia,companion animals,human-animal bond,human-animal interactions},
  language = {en},
  number = {5}
}

@article{Ohly.etal.2016,
  title = {Attention {{Restoration Theory}}: {{A}} Systematic Review of the Attention Restoration Potential of Exposure to Natural Environments},
  shorttitle = {Attention {{Restoration Theory}}},
  author = {Ohly, Heather and White, Mathew P. and Wheeler, Benedict W. and Bethel, Alison and Ukoumunne, Obioha C. and Nikolaou, Vasilis and Garside, Ruth},
  year = {2016},
  month = oct,
  volume = {19},
  pages = {305--343},
  issn = {1093-7404},
  doi = {10.1080/10937404.2016.1196155},
  abstract = {Attention Restoration Theory (ART) suggests the ability to concentrate may be restored by exposure to natural environments. Although widely cited, it is unclear as to the quantity of empirical evidence that supports this. A systematic review regarding the impact of exposure to natural environments on attention was conducted. Seven electronic databases were searched. Studies were included if (1) they were natural experiments, randomized investigations, or recorded ``before and after'' measurements; (2) compared natural and nonnatural/other settings; and (3) used objective measures of attention. Screening of articles for inclusion, data extraction, and quality appraisal were performed by one reviewer and checked by another. Where possible, random effects meta-analysis was used to pool effect sizes. Thirty-one studies were included. Meta-analyses provided some support for ART, with significant positive effects of exposure to natural environments for three measures (Digit Span Forward, Digit Span Backward, and Trail Making Test B). The remaining 10 meta-analyses did not show marked beneficial effects. Meta-analysis was limited by small numbers of investigations, small samples, heterogeneity in reporting of study quality indicators, and heterogeneity of outcomes. This review highlights the diversity of evidence around ART in terms of populations, study design, and outcomes. There is uncertainty regarding which aspects of attention may be affected by exposure to natural environments.},
  file = {/home/jstevens/zotero-library/Ohly et al/ohly_et_al_2016_attention_restoration_theory_-_a_systematic_review_of_the_attention_restoration.pdf},
  journal = {Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B},
  number = {7}
}

@article{Orbach.etal.1963,
  title = {Reversibility of the {{Necker}} Cube: {{I}}. {{An}} Examination of the Concept of ``Satiation of Orientation''},
  shorttitle = {Reversibility of the {{Necker Cube}}},
  author = {Orbach, J. and Ehrlich, Dan and Heath, Helen A.},
  year = {1963},
  volume = {17},
  pages = {439--458},
  publisher = {{SAGE PublicationsSage CA: Los Angeles, CA}},
  doi = {10.2466/pms.1963.17.2.439},
  abstract = {A central fatigue factor (satiation of orientation) is proposed to account for reversals of the Necker cube. During viewing, the figure process mediating one or...},
  journal = {Perceptual and Motor Skills},
  language = {en},
  number = {2}
}

@article{Peirce.etal.2019,
  title = {{{PsychoPy2}}: {{Experiments}} in Behavior Made Easy},
  shorttitle = {{{PsychoPy2}}},
  author = {Peirce, Jonathan and Gray, Jeremy R. and Simpson, Sol and MacAskill, Michael and H{\"o}chenberger, Richard and Sogo, Hiroyuki and Kastman, Erik and Lindel{\o}v, Jonas Kristoffer},
  year = {2019},
  month = feb,
  volume = {51},
  pages = {195--203},
  issn = {1554-3528},
  doi = {10.3758/s13428-018-01193-y},
  abstract = {PsychoPy is an application for the creation of experiments in behavioral science (psychology, neuroscience, linguistics, etc.) with precise spatial control and timing of stimuli. It now provides a choice of interface; users can write scripts in Python if they choose, while those who prefer to construct experiments graphically can use the new Builder interface. Here we describe the features that have been added over the last 10 years of its development. The most notable addition has been that Builder interface, allowing users to create studies with minimal or no programming, while also allowing the insertion of Python code for maximal flexibility. We also present some of the other new features, including further stimulus options, asynchronous time-stamped hardware polling, and better support for open science and reproducibility. Tens of thousands of users now launch PsychoPy every month, and more than 90 people have contributed to the code. We discuss the current state of the project, as well as plans for the future.},
  journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
  language = {en},
  number = {1}
}

@phdthesis{Rich.2007,
  title = {Effects of Exposure to Nature and Plants on Cognition and Mood: {{A}} Cognitive Psychology Perspective},
  author = {Rich, Debra Lynn},
  year = {2007},
  school = {Cornell University}
}

@article{Roediger.McDermott.1995,
  title = {Creating False Memories: {{Remembering}} Words Not Presented in Lists},
  shorttitle = {Creating False Memories},
  author = {Roediger, Henry L. and McDermott, Kathleen B.},
  year = {1995},
  month = jul,
  volume = {21},
  pages = {803--814},
  issn = {0278-7393},
  doi = {10.1037/0278-7393.21.4.803},
  abstract = {Two experiments (modeled after J. Deese's 1959 study) revealed remarkable levels of false recall and false recognition in a list learning paradigm. In Exp 1, Ss studied lists of 12 words (e.g., bed, rest, awake); each list was composed of associates of 1 nonpresented word (e.g., sleep). On immediate free recall tests, the nonpresented associates were recalled 40\% of the time and were later recognized with high confidence. In Exp 2, a false recall rate of 55\% was obtained with an expanded set of lists, and on a later recognition test, Ss produced false alarms to these items at a rate comparable to the hit rate. The act of recall enhanced later remembering of both studied and nonstudied material. The results reveal a powerful illusion of memory: People remember events that never happened. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)},
  journal = {Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition},
  keywords = {college students,Experimental Replication,false recall \& recognition of nonpresented words,Free Recall,Memory,replication,Word Recognition},
  number = {4}
}

@article{Sahlin.etal.2016,
  title = {The Influence of the Environment on Directed Attention, Blood Pressure and Heart Rate---{{An}} Experimental Study Using a Relaxation Intervention},
  author = {Sahlin, Eva and Lindeg{\aa}rd, Agneta and Hadzibajramovic, Emina and Grahn, Patrik and Matuszczyk, Josefa Vega and Jr, Gunnar Ahlborg},
  year = {2016},
  month = jan,
  volume = {41},
  pages = {7--25},
  publisher = {{Routledge}},
  issn = {0142-6397},
  doi = {10.1080/01426397.2014.982079},
  abstract = {Attention is a basic cognitive function necessary in most daily activities. Beneficial effects on cognitive abilities after exposure to nature have been reported. To explore if relaxation indoors and in nature differently affect directed attention and physiological measures, 51 participants (39 women) were measured on directed attention with the Necker Cube Pattern Control Test before and after a guided progressive relaxation session indoors and outdoors in nature. Additionally, systolic and diastolic blood pressure and heart rate were measured before and after the relaxation. Participants' environmental preference was explored. The main result showed an environmental effect on directed attention in favour of the natural environment. No similar environmental effect on physiological measures was seen. The results indicate that relaxation in natural environments had a positive effect on directed attention and hence could be an important component for preventive and rehabilitative interventions for stress-related symptoms.},
  journal = {Landscape Research},
  keywords = {blood pressure,cognitive capacity,nature,stress management,the Necker Cube Pattern Control Test},
  number = {1}
}

@article{Schertz.Berman.2019,
  title = {Understanding Nature and Its Cognitive Benefits},
  author = {Schertz, Kathryn E. and Berman, Marc G.},
  year = {2019},
  month = oct,
  volume = {28},
  pages = {496--502},
  issn = {0963-7214},
  doi = {10.1177/0963721419854100},
  abstract = {Many people have the intuition that interacting with natural environments benefits their psychological health. But what has research actually demonstrated about the benefits of nature experience and the potential mechanisms underlying those benefits? This article describes empirical research on the cognitive benefits of interacting with natural environments and several theories that have been proposed to explain these effects. We also propose future directions that may be useful in exploring the extent of nature's effects on cognitive performance and some potential mediating factors. Specifically, exposure to a variety of natural stimuli (vs. urban stimuli) consistently improves working memory performance. One potential mechanism for this is the perception of low-level features of natural environments, such as edge density in the visual domain. Although low-level features have been shown to carry semantic information and influence behavior, additional studies are needed to indicate whether perceiving these features in isolation is necessary or sufficient for obtaining the cognitive benefits of interacting with nature.},
  file = {/home/jstevens/zotero-library/Schertz et al/schertz_et_al_2019_understanding_nature_and_its_cognitive_benefits2.pdf},
  journal = {Current Directions in Psychological Science},
  language = {en},
  number = {5}
}

@article{Schutte.etal.2017a,
  title = {Impact of Urban Nature on Executive Functioning in Early and Middle Childhood},
  author = {Schutte, Anne R. and Torquati, Julia C. and Beattie, Heidi L.},
  year = {2017},
  month = jan,
  volume = {49},
  pages = {3--30},
  issn = {0013-9165},
  doi = {10.1177/0013916515603095},
  abstract = {According to attention restoration theory, directed attention can become fatigued and then be restored by spending time in a restorative environment. This study examined the restorative effects of nature on children's executive functioning. Seven- to 8-year-olds (school aged, n = 34) and 4- to 5-year-olds (preschool, n = 33) participated in two sessions in which they completed an activity to fatigue attention, then walked along urban streets (urban walk) in one session and in a park-like area (nature walk) in another session, and finally completed assessments of working memory, inhibitory control, and attention. Children responded faster on the attention task after a nature walk than an urban walk. School-aged children performed significantly better on the attention task than preschoolers following the nature walk, but not urban walk. Walk type did not affect inhibitory control or verbal working memory. However, preschoolers' spatial working memory remained more stable following the nature walk than the urban walk.},
  journal = {Environment and Behavior},
  keywords = {art,attention,children,nature,schutte,spatial working memory,working memory},
  language = {en},
  number = {1}
}

@book{Serpell.1996,
  title = {In the {{Company}} of {{Animals}}: {{A Study}} of {{Human}}-{{Animal Relationships}}},
  shorttitle = {In the {{Company}} of {{Animals}}},
  author = {Serpell, James},
  year = {1996},
  month = aug,
  publisher = {{Cambridge University Press}},
  abstract = {What purpose, if any, do pets really serve? Are they simply an outlet for misplaced love? Or four-legged friends who help us to satisfy vital emotional needs? Whatever they are, when we elevate pets to the status of social companions, we undermine the distinction between human and non-human. In other words, pets force us to confront the moral contradictions inherent in our treatment of animals in general. Pursuing this idea to its logical conclusion, the author uncovers a fascinating and disturbing trail of myths, evasions and double standards which humans have used since earliest times to justify their subjugation of nature and other life forms. Through an exploration of the phenomenon of pet-keeping across history and between cultures, this thought-provoking study reassesses our relationships with animals and the natural world. This new edition of In the Company of Animals has been substantially revised and updated to take into account developments in research since the first edition was published in 1986.},
  googlebooks = {v9gKhfo0MDgC},
  isbn = {978-0-521-57779-3},
  keywords = {Nature / Animal Rights,Psychology / Applied Psychology,Psychology / Cognitive Psychology \& Cognition,Science / Life Sciences / Zoology / General,Science / Life Sciences / Zoology / Primatology,Social Science / Human Geography,Social Science / Reference},
  language = {en}
}

@article{Shaffer.Ginsberg.2017,
  title = {An Overview of Heart Rate Variability Metrics and Norms},
  author = {Shaffer, Fred and Ginsberg, J. P.},
  year = {2017},
  volume = {5},
  pages = {258},
  issn = {2296-2565},
  doi = {10.3389/fpubh.2017.00258},
  abstract = {Healthy biological systems exhibit complex patterns of variability that can be described by mathematical chaos. Heart rate variability (HRV) consists of changes in the time intervals between consecutive heartbeats, called interbeat intervals (IBIs). A healthy heart is not a metronome. The oscillations of a healthy heart are complex and constantly changing, which allow the cardiovascular system to rapidly adjust to sudden physical and psychological challenges to homeostasis. This article briefly reviews current perspectives on the mechanisms that generate 24 h, short-term (\textasciitilde 5 min), and ultra-short-term ({$<$} 5 min) HRV, the importance of HRV, and its implications for health and performance. The authors provide an overview of widely-used HRV time domain, frequency, and nonlinear metrics. Time-domain indices quantify the amount of HRV observed during monitoring periods that may range from \textasciitilde 2 min to 24 h. Frequency-domain values calculate the absolute or relative amount of signal energy within component bands. Nonlinear measurements quantify the unpredictability and complexity of a series of IBIs. The authors survey published normative values for clinical, healthy, and optimal performance populations. They stress the importance of measurement context, including recording period length, subject age, and sex, on baseline HRV values. They caution that 24 h, short-term, and ultra-short-term normative values are not interchangeable. They encourage professionals to supplement published norms with findings from their own specialized populations. Finally, the authors provide an overview of HRV assessment strategies for clinical and optimal performance interventions.},
  journal = {Frontiers in Public Health},
  keywords = {biofeedback,Complexity,Heart rate variability,nonlinear measurements,Normative values,Optimal Performance},
  language = {English}
}

@article{Shanahan.etal.2016,
  title = {Health Benefits from Nature Experiences Depend on Dose},
  author = {Shanahan, Danielle F. and Bush, Robert and Gaston, Kevin J. and Lin, Brenda B. and Dean, Julie and Barber, Elizabeth and Fuller, Richard A.},
  year = {2016},
  month = jun,
  volume = {6},
  pages = {28551},
  issn = {2045-2322},
  doi = {10.1038/srep28551},
  abstract = {Nature within cities will have a central role in helping address key global public health challenges associated with urbanization. However, there is almost no guidance on how much or how frequently people need to engage with nature, and what types or characteristics of nature need to be incorporated in cities for the best health outcomes. Here we use a nature dose framework to examine the associations between the duration, frequency and intensity of exposure to nature and health in an urban population. We show that people who made long visits to green spaces had lower rates of depression and high blood pressure, and those who visited more frequently had greater social cohesion. Higher levels of physical activity were linked to both duration and frequency of green space visits. A dose-response analysis for depression and high blood pressure suggest that visits to outdoor green spaces of 30 minutes or more during the course of a week could reduce the population prevalence of these illnesses by up to 7\% and 9\% respectively. Given that the societal costs of depression alone in Australia are estimated at AUD\$12.6 billion per annum, savings to public health budgets across all health outcomes could be immense.},
  copyright = {2016 Nature Publishing Group},
  journal = {Scientific Reports},
  language = {en}
}

@article{Shields.etal.2016,
  title = {The Effects of Acute Stress on Core Executive Functions: {{A}} Meta-Analysis and Comparison with Cortisol},
  shorttitle = {The Effects of Acute Stress on Core Executive Functions},
  author = {Shields, Grant S. and Sazma, Matthew A. and Yonelinas, Andrew P.},
  year = {2016},
  month = sep,
  volume = {68},
  pages = {651--668},
  issn = {0149-7634},
  doi = {10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.06.038},
  abstract = {Core executive functions such as working memory, inhibition, and cognitive flexibility are integral to daily life. A growing body of research has suggested that acute stress may impair core executive functions. However, there are a number of inconsistencies in the literature, leading to uncertainty about how or even if acute stress influences core executive functions. We addressed this by conducting a meta-analysis of acute stress effects on working memory, inhibition, and cognitive flexibility. We found that stress impaired working memory and cognitive flexibility, whereas it had nuanced effects on inhibition. Many of these effects were moderated by other variables, such as sex. In addition, we compared effects of acute stress on core executive functions to effects of cortisol administration and found some striking differences. Our findings indicate that stress works through mechanisms aside from or in addition to cortisol to produce a state characterized by more reactive processing of salient stimuli but greater control over actions. We conclude by highlighting some important future directions for stress and executive function research.},
  file = {/home/jstevens/zotero-library/Shields et al/shields_et_al_2016_the_effects_of_acute_stress_on_core_executive_functions_-_a_meta-analysis_and.pdf},
  journal = {Neuroscience \& Biobehavioral Reviews},
  keywords = {Acute stress,Cognitive control,Cognitive flexibility,Cortisol,Executive function,Inhibition,Interference control,Meta-analysis,Response inhibition,Set shifting,Working memory},
  language = {en}
}

@article{Souter.Miller.2007,
  title = {Do Animal-Assisted Activities Effectively Treat Depression? {{A}} Meta-Analysis},
  shorttitle = {Do {{Animal}}-{{Assisted Activities Effectively Treat Depression}}?},
  author = {Souter, Megan A. and Miller, Michelle D.},
  year = {2007},
  month = jun,
  volume = {20},
  pages = {167--180},
  issn = {0892-7936},
  doi = {10.2752/175303707X207954},
  abstract = {We conducted a meta-analysis to determine the effectiveness of animal-assisted activities (AAA) and animal-assisted therapy (AAT) for reducing depressive symptoms in humans. To be included in the meta-analysis, studies had to demonstrate random assignment, include a comparison/control group, use AAA or AAT, use a self-report measure of depression, and report sufficient information to calculate effect sizes, a statistical standardization of the strength of a treatment effect. Five studies were identified for analysis. The aggregate effect size for these studies was of medium magnitude and statistically significant, indicating that AAA/AAT are associated with fewer depressive symptoms. This analysis revealed gaps in the research on AAA/AAT, which we attempted to identify in order to better understand the factors that make AAA and AAT effective at reducing depression.},
  journal = {Anthrozo\"os},
  keywords = {animal-assisted activities,animal-assisted therapy,depression,meta-analysis,pet therapy},
  number = {2}
}

@incollection{Spielberger.etal.1999,
  title = {Measuring Anxiety and Anger with the {{State}}-{{Trait Anxiety Inventory}} ({{STAI}}) and the {{State}}-{{Trait Anger Expression Inventory}} ({{STAXI}})},
  booktitle = {The {{Use}} of {{Psychological Testing}} for {{Treatment Planning}} and {{Outcomes Assessment}}},
  author = {Spielberger, Charles D. and Sydeman, Sumner J. and Owen, Ashley E. and Marsh, Brian J.},
  editor = {Maruish, M E},
  year = {1999},
  edition = {Second},
  pages = {993--1021},
  publisher = {{Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers}},
  address = {{Mahwah, NJ, US}},
  abstract = {The nature of anxiety and anger as emotional states and personality traits, and the procedures employed in their measurement are briefly reviewed here. Measures of state and trait anxiety, and the development of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) are discussed first. The next part examines conceptual ambiguities in the constructs of anger, hostility, and aggression, briefly evaluates several instruments developed to assess anger and hostility, and describes the construction and validation of the State-Trait Anger Scale (STAS). The development and validation of the Anger Expression (AX) Scale and the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI) for assessing the experience, expression, and control of anger are considered next. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the utilization of measures of anxiety and anger in treatment planning and evaluation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)},
  isbn = {978-0-8058-2761-3},
  keywords = {Anger,Anxiety,Emotions,Hostility,Inventories,Scaling (Testing),State Trait Anxiety Inventory,Treatment Planning}
}

@article{Stenfors.etal.2019,
  title = {Positive Effects of Nature on Cognitive Performance across Multiple Experiments: {{Test}} Order but Not Affect Modulates the Cognitive Effects},
  shorttitle = {Positive {{Effects}} of {{Nature}} on {{Cognitive Performance Across Multiple Experiments}}},
  author = {Stenfors, Cecilia U. D. and Van Hedger, Stephen C. and Schertz, Kathryn E. and Meyer, Francisco A. C. and Smith, Karen E. L. and Norman, Greg J. and Bourrier, Stefan C. and Enns, James T. and Kardan, Omid and Jonides, John and Berman, Marc G.},
  year = {2019},
  volume = {10},
  pages = {1413},
  publisher = {{Frontiers}},
  issn = {1664-1078},
  doi = {10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01413},
  abstract = {Interactions with natural environments and nature-related stimuli have been found to be beneficial to cognitive performance, in particular on executive cognitive tasks with high demands on directed attention processes. However, results vary across different studies. The aim of the present paper was to evaluate the effects of nature versus urban environments on cognitive performance across all of our published and new/unpublished studies testing the effects of different interactions with nature versus urban/built control environments, on an executive-functioning test with high demands on directed attention \textendash{} the backwards digit span (BDS) task. Specific aims in this study were to: 1) evaluate the effect of nature versus urban environment interactions on BDS across different exposure types (e.g. real-world vs. artificial environments/stimuli); 2) disentangle the effects of testing order (i.e. effects caused by the order in which experimental conditions are administered) from the effects of the environment interactions, and 3) test the (mediating) role of affective changes on BDS performance. To this end, data from 13 experiments are presented, and pooled data-analyses are performed. Results from the pooled data-analyses (N=528 participants) showed significant time-by-environment interactions with beneficial effects of nature compared to urban environments on BDS performance. There were also clear interactions with the order in which environment conditions were tested. Specifically, there were practice effects across environment conditions in first sessions. Importantly, after parceling out initial practice effects, the positive effects of nature compared to urban interactions on BDS performance were magnified. Changes in positive or negative affect did not mediate the beneficial effects of nature on BDS performance. These results are discussed in relation to the findings of other studies identified in the literature. Uncontrolled and confounding order effects (i.e., effects due to the order of experimental conditions, rather than the treatment conditions) may explain some of the inconsistent findings across studies in the literature on nature effects on cognitive performance. In all, these results highlight the robustness of the effects of natural environments on cognition, particularly when confounding order effects have been considered, and provide a more nuanced account of when a nature intervention will be most effective.},
  journal = {Frontiers in Psychology},
  keywords = {Affect,cognitive performance,cognitive restoration,directed attention,environment,nature,order effects,practice effects},
  language = {English}
}

@article{Stevenson.etal.2018,
  title = {Attention {{Restoration Theory II}}: A Systematic Review to Clarify Attention Processes Affected by Exposure to Natural Environments},
  shorttitle = {Attention {{Restoration Theory II}}},
  author = {Stevenson, Matt P. and Schilhab, Theresa and Bentsen, Peter},
  year = {2018},
  month = aug,
  volume = {21},
  pages = {227--268},
  issn = {1093-7404},
  doi = {10.1080/10937404.2018.1505571},
  abstract = {Attention Restoration Theory (ART) predicts exposure to natural environments may lead to improved cognitive performance through restoration of a limited cognitive resource, directed attention. A recent review by Ohly and colleagues (2016) uncovered substantial ambiguity surrounding details of directed attention and how cognitive restoration was tested. Therefore, an updated systematic review was conducted to identify relevant cognitive domains from which to describe elements of directed attention sensitive to the restoration effect. Forty-two articles that tested natural environments or stimuli against a suitable control, and included an objective measure of cognitive performance, had been published since July 2013. Articles were subjected to screening procedures and quality appraisal. Random effects meta-analyses were performed to calculate pooled effect sizes across 8 cognitive domains using data from 49 individual outcome measures. Results showed that working memory, cognitive flexibility, and to a less-reliable degree, attentional control, are improved after exposure to natural environments, with low to moderate effect sizes. Moderator analyses revealed that actual exposures to real environments may enhance the restoration effect within these three domains, relative to virtual exposures; however, this may also be due to differences in the typical lengths of exposure. The effect of a participants' restoration potential, based upon diagnosis or fatigue-induction, was less clear. A new framework is presented to qualify the involvement of directed attention-related processes, using examples of tasks from the three cognitive domains found to be sensitive to the restoration effect. The review clarifies the description of cognitive processes sensitive to natural environments, using current evidence, while exploring aspects of protocol that appear influential to the strength of the restoration effect.},
  journal = {Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B},
  keywords = {Executive functions,greenspace,mental fatigue,restorative environments},
  number = {4},
  pmid = {30130463}
}

@incollection{Tajika.2001,
  title = {Psychology of Recognition Memory},
  booktitle = {International {{Encyclopedia}} of the {{Social}} \& {{Behavioral Sciences}}},
  author = {Tajika, H.},
  editor = {Smelser, Neil J. and Baltes, Paul B.},
  year = {2001},
  month = jan,
  pages = {12832--12835},
  publisher = {{Pergamon}},
  address = {{Oxford}},
  doi = {10.1016/B0-08-043076-7/01520-5},
  abstract = {Recognition memory is usually used to refer to both a memory measurement and a memory process that occurs in this measure of memory. Two types of memory tests are known as a measure of recognition memory, one a yes/no recognition memory test and the other a forced-choice recognition memory test. The signal detection theory clearly explains the results of recognition memory tests. Recognition tests also produce certain effects that are particular to the processes underlying recognition memory. Even though the nature of these processes is very complicated, one- and two-process models in recognition memory have been proposed. Finally, recognition memory with and without recollective experiences is discussed.},
  isbn = {978-0-08-043076-8},
  language = {en}
}

@article{Templer.etal.1981,
  title = {The Construction of a {{Pet Attitude Scale}}},
  author = {Templer, Donald I. and Salter, Charles A. and Dickey, Sarah and Baldwin, Roy and Veleber, David M.},
  year = {1981},
  month = jul,
  volume = {31},
  pages = {343--348},
  issn = {0033-2933, 2163-3452},
  doi = {10.1007/BF03394747},
  abstract = {An 18-item Likert-format Pet Attitude Scale was developed. It was found to have a Chronbach's Alpha of.93 and test-retest reliability of .92. Correlations with the Mini-Mult, Eysenck Personality Inventory, Allport-Vernon-Lindzey Study of Values, and the Personality Research Form were determined. Varimax rotation yielded three factors, labeled love and interaction, pets in home, and joy of pet ownership. Kennel workers had significantly higher scores than social work students, an indication of criterion-oriented validity as well as face validity.},
  journal = {The Psychological Record},
  language = {en},
  number = {3}
}

@article{Templer.etal.2004,
  title = {Modification of the {{Pet Attitude Scale}}},
  author = {Templer, Donald and Arikawa, Hiroko and Canfield, Merle and Munsell, Kathleen and Tangan, Kimberly},
  year = {2004},
  month = jan,
  volume = {12},
  pages = {137--142},
  publisher = {{Brill}},
  issn = {1568-5306, 1063-1119},
  doi = {10.1163/1568530041446580},
  abstract = {{$<$}section class="abstract"{$><$}div id="" class="section"{$><$}h3 class="abstractTitle text-title my-1" id="d5e3"{$>$}Abstract{$<$}/h3{$><$}p{$>$}This study recruited 203 college students to help determine clarity and precision in the wording of four items in the Templer, Salter, Baldwin, Dickey, and Veleber (1981) Pet Attitude Scale (PAS). Half the college students received the original format, and half received the modified wording format. The correlation with total score did not differ for three of the pairs of items. For one of the items, the correlation was higher with the original wording. The 18-item Pet Attitude Scale\textemdash Modified retains the original wording for that item and uses the modified wording for the other three items.{$<$}/p{$><$}/div{$><$}/section{$>$}},
  chapter = {Society \& Animals},
  journal = {Society \& Animals},
  language = {en},
  number = {2}
}

@incollection{Thayer.Stevens.2019a,
  title = {Human-Animal Interaction},
  booktitle = {Encyclopedia of {{Animal Cognition}} and {{Behavior}}},
  author = {Thayer, Elise R. and Stevens, Jeffrey R.},
  editor = {Vonk, Jennifer and Shackelford, Todd},
  year = {2019},
  pages = {1--5},
  publisher = {{Springer}},
  address = {{New York}},
  doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-47829-6_2058-1},
  isbn = {978-3-319-47829-6},
  language = {en}
}

@article{Thelwell.2019,
  title = {Paws for Thought: {{A}} Controlled Study Investigating the Benefits of Interacting with a House-Trained Dog on University Students Mood and Anxiety},
  shorttitle = {Paws for {{Thought}}},
  author = {Thelwell, Emily L. R.},
  year = {2019},
  month = oct,
  volume = {9},
  pages = {846},
  doi = {10.3390/ani9100846},
  abstract = {University students have been found to have higher rates of psychological distress than that of the general population, which reportedly rises significantly upon starting university and does not return to pre-university levels throughout their time in university. It is therefore highly important to find ways to improve student health and well-being. One way that may help is by interacting with animals. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine whether interacting with a dog would have a positive effect on university students\&rsquo; mood and anxiety. This study assigned 82 university students to either the experimental condition (dog interaction, n = 41) or to the control condition (dog video, n = 41). The students completed the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule-Expanded Form (PANAS-X), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and the Pet Attitude Scale before their assigned conditions, to evaluate their mood and anxiety levels and attitudes to animals. The participants again completed the STAI and PANAS-X Form after their condition, to assess for possible changes in anxiety and mood. The findings of the study indicated that all participants, regardless of condition, experienced a reduction in their anxiety and an improvement in their mood across time. However, directly interacting with a dog resulted in greater declines in anxiety and improved mood scores, more so than watching a video. Consequently, it appears there are psychological benefits to be gained by students from interacting with dogs and it is hoped this study will help to inform future best practices in designing student dog interventions.},
  copyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/},
  file = {/home/jstevens/zotero-library/Thelwell/thelwell_2019_paws_for_thought_-_a_controlled_study_investigating_the_benefits_of_interacting.pdf},
  journal = {Animals},
  keywords = {anxiety,dog intervention,mood,pet therapy,student well-being},
  language = {en},
  number = {10}
}

@article{Trammell.2017,
  title = {The Effect of Therapy Dogs on Exam Stress and Memory},
  author = {Trammell, Janet P.},
  year = {2017},
  month = oct,
  volume = {30},
  pages = {607--621},
  issn = {0892-7936},
  doi = {10.1080/08927936.2017.1370244},
  abstract = {Therapy dogs have been shown in many different situations to reduce stress and improve outcomes, but their effects on academic performance are unknown. I hypothesized that interaction with therapy dogs prior to exams would reduce stress in students and improve exam scores. In study 1, participants who chose to interact with the therapy dogs showed a significantly larger stress decrease and scored 5.5 points higher on their final exam than those who did not interact. In study 2, investigating memory retrieval, participants assigned to interact with therapy dogs immediately prior to their final exam showed a marginally larger stress reduction, but no difference in exam score, compared with those who watched a movie about dogs. To investigate memory consolidation, in study 3, participants were assigned to interact with therapy dogs or watch a movie immediately after learning some material. A significant interaction between condition and exam question type suggests that, compared with those who watched a movie about dogs, interacting with therapy dogs impaired memory for material learned just prior to the manipulation, but enhanced memory for material encountered at other times. Overall, interaction with therapy dogs appears to reduce stress, but had no effect on memory retrieval in study 2, and differentially affected memory consolidation of associated material in study 3.},
  journal = {Anthrozo\"os},
  keywords = {academic performance,memory,stress,therapy dogs},
  number = {4}
}

@article{Ulrich.1981,
  title = {Natural versus Urban Scenes: {{Some}} Psychophysiological Effects},
  shorttitle = {Natural {{Versus Urban Scenes}}},
  author = {Ulrich, Roger S.},
  year = {1981},
  month = sep,
  volume = {13},
  pages = {523--556},
  issn = {0013-9165},
  doi = {10.1177/0013916581135001},
  abstract = {Subjects viewed sixty color slides of either (1) nature with water, (2) nature dominated by vegetation, or (3) urban environments without water or vegetation. The information rates of the three slide samples were equivalent. Measurements were taken of the effects of the slide presentations on alpha amplitude, heart rate, and emotional states. Results revealed several significant differences as a function of environment, which together indicate that the two categories of nature views had more positive influences on psychophysiological states than the urban scenes. Alpha was significantly higher during the vegetation as opposed to urban slides; similarly, alpha was higher on the average when subjects viewed water rather than urban content. There was also a consistent pattern for nature, especially water, to have more positive influences on emotional states. A salient finding was that water, and to a lesser extent vegetation views, held attention and interest more effectively than the urban scenes. Implications of the findings for theory development in environmental aesthetics are discussed.},
  journal = {Environment and Behavior},
  language = {en},
  number = {5}
}

@article{vanDoorn.etal.2020,
  title = {Bayesian Rank-Based Hypothesis Testing for the Rank Sum Test, the Signed Rank Test, and {{Spearman}}'s {$\rho$}},
  author = {{van Doorn}, Johnny and Ly, A. and Marsman, M. and Wagenmakers, E.-J.},
  year = {2020},
  month = jan,
  publisher = {{Taylor \& Francis}},
  issn = {0266-4763},
  doi = {10.1080/02664763.2019.1709053},
  abstract = {Bayesian inference for rank-order problems is frustrated by the absence of an explicit likelihood function. This hurdle can be overcome by assuming a latent normal representation that is consistent with the ordinal information in the data: the observed ranks are conceptualized as an impoverished reflection of an underlying continuous scale, and inference concerns the parameters that govern the latent representation. We apply this generic data-augmentation method to obtain Bayes factors for three popular rank-based tests: the rank sum test, the signed rank test, and Spearman's {$\rho$}s.},
  journal = {Journal of Applied Statistics},
  keywords = {Bayes factors,data augmentation,latent normal,semi-parametrics,two-sample}
}

@article{VanHedger.etal.2019,
  title = {Of Cricket Chirps and Car Horns: {{The}} Effect of Nature Sounds on Cognitive Performance},
  shorttitle = {Of Cricket Chirps and Car Horns},
  author = {Van Hedger, Stephen C. and Nusbaum, Howard C. and Clohisy, Luke and Jaeggi, Susanne M. and Buschkuehl, Martin and Berman, Marc G.},
  year = {2019},
  month = apr,
  volume = {26},
  pages = {522--530},
  issn = {1531-5320},
  doi = {10.3758/s13423-018-1539-1},
  abstract = {Attention restoration theory (ART) posits that stimuli found in nature may restore directed attention functioning by reducing demands on the endogenous attention system. In the present experiment, we assessed whether nature-related cognitive benefits extended to auditory presentations of nature, a topic that has been understudied. To assess directed attention, we created a composite measure consisting of a backward digit span task and a dual n-back task. Participants completed these cognitive measures and an affective questionnaire before and after listening to and aesthetically judging either natural or urban soundscapes (between-participants). Relative to participants who were exposed to urban soundscapes, we observed significant improvements in cognitive performance for individuals exposed to nature. Urban soundscapes did not systematically affect performance either adversely or beneficially. Natural sounds did not differentially change positive or negative affect, despite these sounds being aesthetically preferred to urban sounds. These results provide initial evidence that brief experiences with natural sounds can improve directed attention functioning in a single experimental session.},
  journal = {Psychonomic Bulletin \& Review},
  language = {en},
  number = {2}
}

@article{Wagenmakers.2007,
  title = {A Practical Solution to the Pervasive Problems of p Values},
  author = {Wagenmakers, Eric-Jan},
  year = {2007},
  volume = {14},
  pages = {779--804},
  issn = {1531-5320},
  doi = {10.3758/BF03194105},
  abstract = {In the field of psychology, the practice ofp value null-hypothesis testing is as widespread as ever. Despite this popularity, or perhaps because of it, most psychologists are not aware of the statistical peculiarities of thep value procedure. In particular,p values are based on data that were never observed, and these hypothetical data are themselves influenced by subjective intentions. Moreover,p values do not quantify statistical evidence. This article reviews thesep value problems and illustrates each problem with concrete examples. The three problems are familiar to statisticians but may be new to psychologists. A practical solution to thesep value problems is to adopt a model selection perspective and use the Bayesian information criterion (BIC) for statistical inference (Raftery, 1995). The BIC provides an approximation to a Bayesian hypothesis test, does not require the specification of priors, and can be easily calculated from SPSS output.},
  journal = {Psychonomic Bulletin \& Review},
  number = {5}
}

@article{Wagenmakers.etal.2018,
  title = {Bayesian Inference for Psychology. {{Part II}}: {{Example}} Applications with {{JASP}}},
  shorttitle = {Bayesian Inference for Psychology. {{Part II}}},
  author = {Wagenmakers, Eric-Jan and Love, Jonathon and Marsman, Maarten and Jamil, Tahira and Ly, Alexander and Verhagen, Josine and Selker, Ravi and Gronau, Quentin F. and Dropmann, Damian and Boutin, Bruno and Meerhoff, Frans and Knight, Patrick and Raj, Akash and van Kesteren, Erik-Jan and van Doorn, Johnny and {\v S}m{\'i}ra, Martin and Epskamp, Sacha and Etz, Alexander and Matzke, Dora and de Jong, Tim and van den Bergh, Don and Sarafoglou, Alexandra and Steingroever, Helen and Derks, Koen and Rouder, Jeffrey N. and Morey, Richard D.},
  year = {2018},
  month = feb,
  volume = {25},
  pages = {58--76},
  issn = {1069-9384, 1531-5320},
  doi = {10.3758/s13423-017-1323-7},
  abstract = {Bayesian hypothesis testing presents an attractive alternative to p value hypothesis testing. Part I of this series outlined several advantages of Bayesian hypothesis testing, including the ability to quantify evidence and the ability to monitor and update this evidence as data come in, without the need to know the intention with which the data were collected. Despite these and other practical advantages, Bayesian hypothesis tests are still reported relatively rarely. An important impediment to the widespread adoption of Bayesian tests is arguably the lack of user-friendly software for the run-of-the-mill statistical problems that confront psychologists for the analysis of almost every experiment: the t-test, ANOVA, correlation, regression, and contingency tables. In Part II of this series we introduce JASP (http://www.jasp-stats.org), an open-source, cross-platform, user-friendly graphical software package that allows users to carry out Bayesian hypothesis tests for standard statistical problems. JASP is based in part on the Bayesian analyses implemented in Morey and Rouder's BayesFactor package for R. Armed with JASP, the practical advantages of Bayesian hypothesis testing are only a mouse click away.},
  journal = {Psychonomic Bulletin \& Review},
  language = {en},
  number = {1}
}

@article{Watson.etal.1988,
  title = {Development and Validation of Brief Measures of Positive and Negative Affect: The {{PANAS}} Scales},
  shorttitle = {Development and Validation of Brief Measures of Positive and Negative Affect},
  author = {Watson, D. and Clark, L. A. and Tellegen, A.},
  year = {1988},
  month = jun,
  volume = {54},
  pages = {1063--1070},
  issn = {0022-3514},
  abstract = {In recent studies of the structure of affect, positive and negative affect have consistently emerged as two dominant and relatively independent dimensions. A number of mood scales have been created to measure these factors; however, many existing measures are inadequate, showing low reliability or poor convergent or discriminant validity. To fill the need for reliable and valid Positive Affect and Negative Affect scales that are also brief and easy to administer, we developed two 10-item mood scales that comprise the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS). The scales are shown to be highly internally consistent, largely uncorrelated, and stable at appropriate levels over a 2-month time period. Normative data and factorial and external evidence of convergent and discriminant validity for the scales are also presented.},
  journal = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology},
  keywords = {Arousal,Humans,Mood Disorders,Psychological Tests,Psychometrics},
  language = {eng},
  number = {6},
  pmid = {3397865}
}

@book{Wilson.2009,
  title = {Biophilia},
  author = {Wilson, Edward O.},
  year = {2009},
  month = jun,
  publisher = {{Harvard University Press}},
  abstract = {Biophilia is Edward O. Wilson's most personal book, an evocation of his own response to nature and an eloquent statement of the conservation ethic. Wilson argues that our natural affinity for life\textemdash biophilia\textemdash is the very essence of our humanity and binds us to all other living species.},
  googlebooks = {BapY4GLfMOAC},
  isbn = {978-0-674-04523-1},
  keywords = {Science / Life Sciences / Biology},
  language = {en}
}

@article{Zelenski.etal.2015,
  title = {Cooperation Is in Our Nature: {{Nature}} Exposure May Promote Cooperative and Environmentally Sustainable Behavior},
  shorttitle = {Cooperation Is in Our Nature},
  author = {Zelenski, John M. and Dopko, Raelyne L. and Capaldi, Colin A.},
  year = {2015},
  month = jun,
  volume = {42},
  pages = {24--31},
  issn = {0272-4944},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jenvp.2015.01.005},
  abstract = {Theory and correlational research suggest that connecting with nature may facilitate prosocial and environmentally sustainable behaviors. In three studies we test causal direction with experimental manipulations of nature exposure and laboratory analogs of cooperative and sustainable behavior. Participants who watched a nature video harvested more cooperatively and sustainably in a fishing-themed commons dilemma, compared to participants who watched an architectural video (Study 1 and 2) or geometric shapes with an audio podcast about writing (Study 2). The effects were not due to mood, and this was corroborated in Study 3 where pleasantness and nature content were manipulated independently in a 2~\texttimes ~2 design. Participants exposed to nature videos responded more cooperatively on a measure of social value orientation and indicated greater willingness to engage in environmentally sustainable behaviors. Collectively, results suggest that exposure to nature may increase cooperation, and, when considering environmental problems as social dilemmas, sustainable intentions and behavior.},
  journal = {Journal of Environmental Psychology},
  keywords = {art,Cooperation,Mood,Nature,Nature relatedness,Social dilemma,srt,Sustainability}
}


